Chapter 6:

The Periodic Table

Organizing the Elements

Demitri Mendeleeve (Russian 1869)

Published the 1st periodic table

Based on atomic mass

The Periodic Law

Modern Periodic Table

Organized according to atomic number

Periods = rows 1-7

equal to the principal energy level
Groups = columns 1-18
elements have similar properties
Law: Properties of elements repeat as you
move from Left Right across a period

Period

Group

Metallic Character

Approx. 2/3 of the elements are metals

Metallic Properties

Nonmetallic Properties

Luster
Conductivity
Malleability
Ductility
Tend to lose electrons

Dull luster
Poor conductors
Brittle
Tend to gain electrons

Metalloids (semimetals)

Some properties characteristic of metals and

other properties characteristic of nonmetals

Metals and Nonmetals

1
2
3

He

Li

Be

Ne

10

Al

Si

PNonmetals
S Cl Ar

13

14

15

16

17

18

Na Mg
11

K
19

Ca Sc

Ti

Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br

Kr

23

24

35

36

Xe

53

54

20

21

22

Rb Sr

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

In

39

40

49

37

12

38

Cs Ba
55

56

Fr

Ra

87

88

26

27

28

29

30

METALS
41

42

He Ta

72

25

73

74

43

44

Re Os
75

76

47

45

46

Ir

Pt Au Hg

Tl

77

78

81

79

48

31

80

32

33

34

Sn Sb Te
50

51

Pb Bi
82

83

52

Po At Rn
84

85

86

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
104

105

106

107

108

Metalloids

109

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57

58

59

Ac Th Pa
89

90

91

60

U
92

61

62

63

64

65

66

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
93

94

95

96

97

98

67

68

69

70

71

Es Fm Md No Lr
99

100

101

102

103

Reference Table

Periodic Table
Trends:
1. Across a period, metallic characterdecreases

Why?
More electrons in outer shells
Less tendency to lose electrons
2. Down a group, metallic characterincreases

Why?
Less electrons in outer shells
Greater tendency to lose electrons

Metallic Review

a)
b)
c)
d)

Identify each element as a metal,

nonmetal or metalloid
Gold - Met
Siliconal-Metalloid
Sulfur - Nonmetal
Barium -Metal

a)
b)

c)

Which of these sets of elements have

similar physical and chemical
properties?
boron
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon,
strontium, magnesium, calcium,
nickel
beryllium
nitrogen, neon,
, fluorine

Name 2 elements that have properties

to those
of the element sodium.
Any similar
other Group
1 element:

Lithium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Fran

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

a)
b)
c)

Identify each property below as more

characteristic of a metal or a nonmetal
Brittle - Nonmetal
Malleable -Metal
Poor conductor of electricityNonmetal
Shiny - Metal
Tend to gain electrons Nonmetal
In which pair of elements are the chemical
properties of the elements most similar?
sodium and chlorine
nitrogen and phosphorus
boron and oxygen

Classifying the Elements

Alkali Metals Group 1 (1A)

2
Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup

(2A)
Halogens Group 17 (7a)
Noble Gases Group 18 (8A) Inert gases
1A 7A
Representative ElementsGroups

Transition Elements All

Group B

Label your Reference Periodic Table

1

1
H
Li

2
Be

2
3

K
19

3
Ca Sc
12

10

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

4
Ti

5
V

6
7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br

Kr

23

24

35

36

Xe

53

54

20

21

22

Rb Sr

Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

In

39

40

49

37

13 14 15 16 17 2
B C N O F Ne

Na Mg
11

18
He

38

Cs Ba
55

56

Fr

Ra

87

88

41

42

He Ta

72

73

74

25

43

26

44

Re Os
75

76

27

28

29

47

30

45

46

Ir

Pt Au Hg

Tl

77

78

81

79

48

31

80

32

33

34

Sn Sb Te
50

51

Pb Bi
82

83

52

18

Po At Rn
84

85

86

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
104

105

106

107

108

109

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57

58

59

Ac Th Pa
89

90

91

60

U
92

61

62

63

64

65

66

Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
93

94

95

96

97

98

67

68

69

70

71

Es Fm Md No Lr
99

100

101

102

103

Classifying Review

Which of the following are symbols

for representative elements
Na, Mg,Fe, Ni , Cl?

Which of these metals is not a

transition metal?
Aluminum
Silver
Iron
Zirconium

a)
b)
c)
d)

Atomic Radius

Atoms are roughly spherical

Sphere size can be determined using the
radius
Edges of orbitals are fuzzy
Problem: and difficult to measure

Solution:
Atomic Radii half the
distance between the
nuclei of identical
atoms that are bonded
together

Reference Table:
Table S

Trends:
1. Across a period, the atomic radius decreases

Why?
Nuclei have larger positive charges
Electrons are pulled in closer
2. Down a group, the atomic radius
increases
Why?
Greater number of energy shells
Valence electrons are further away from the nucleus

Atomic Radius Review

a)
b)
c)
d)

Which element in each pair has a

larger atomic radius?

sodiu & lithium

m
calcium& bromine
carbon & germanium
fluorine& neon

Arrange these elements in order of

decreasing atomic size: sulfur,
chlorine, aluminum, and sodium.
Sodium Aluminum Sulfur Chlorine

Ionization Energy

What is an ion?
An electrically charged atom

Atoms may either gain or lose electrons

Loss of electrons = (+) charge cation

Gain of electrons = (-) charge anion

the amount of energy required

Ionization energy =

remove the most loosely boun

electron

A + energy A+ + e-

Reference Table

Table S

Trends:
increas
1. Across a period, the ionization energy

es
Why?
Electrons are held closer to the nucleus
Electrons are more difficult to remove

2. Down a group, the ionization energydecrease

s
Why?
Electrons are further away from the nucleus
Electrons are easier to remove

What type of relationship exists between

Relate Back:
ionization energy and atomic radii?
Invers

Ionization Review

a)
b)
c)

a)
b)
c)

Which element in each pair has a

greater ionization energy?
lithium,boron
magnesium,strontium
cesium,aluminum
Arrange the following groups in
order of increasing ionization energy
Be Mg Sr
Be, Mg, Sr
Bi Ba Cs
Bi, Cs, Ba
Na Al S
Na, Al, S

Ionic Size

Cations from when

atoms loose eThe cation is
smaller

Anions from when

atoms gain eThe anion is larger

Reference Table
No true table

Trends:
1. Across a period, ionic size
decreases

Why?
When e- are lost, the attraction between the
remaining e- increases
e- are drawn closer to the nucleus
2. Down a group, ionic size
increases
Why?
Increased atomic radius
e- are further away from the nucleus

Ion Size Review

Which particle has the larger radius
in each atom/ion pair?
+
a) Na, Na
2S
b) S,
I
c) I,
3+
Al
d) Al,
The ions Na+ and Mg2+ each have
10e-. Which ion would you expect
to have a smaller ionic radius?
Mg2+ atomic radius is smaller & eare pulled in closer

Electronegativity

A measure of the ability of an atom to attract a

pair of electrons when bonded to another atom
Ability to pull electrons from another atom

Electrons pulled
closer:

Electrons pulled away:

Reference Table
Table S
Trends:
1. Across a period, the electronegativity increases

Why?
Atoms are very close to a stable octet
Pull electrons from other atoms
2. Down a group, the electronegativity
decreases
Why?
Top atoms have few electrons, and hold them
tightly
Bottom atoms have numerous electrons and little
desire to acquire more

Electronegativity Review
Which element in each pair has a
higher electronegativity value?
a) Cl, F
b) C, N
c) Mg, Ne
d) As, Ca
Which element in each pair has a
greater attraction for electrons?
a) Ca or O
b) O or F
c) S or K

Summary
Periodic
Property

Variation across
Variation
a Period
down a Group

Metallic
Character
Atomic Radius

Decreases

Increases

Decreases

Increases

Ionization
Energy
Ion Size

Increases

Decreases

Decreases

Increases

Electronegativity

Increases

Decreases