Nursing Theory

Tony Suharsono

Overview

Teoritical foundation on which the knowledge base

of the nursing profession has been and is being
built

Nursing theory provides a perspective from which

to define what of nursing, to describe who of
nursing (who is the client) and when nursing is
needed, and to identify the boundaries and the
goal of nursing therapeutic activities.

Theory is fundamental to effective nursing practice

and research

Components of the Theoritical

Foundation

Basic element that structure a nursing theory

are cancept and proposition

A concept is the basic building block of the

theory

A proposition is the statement that proposes a

relationship between concept

Theory is a set of concept and proposition that

provide an orderly way to view phenomena

Importance of Nursing Theory

Nursing theory provide a framework for

thought in which to examine situations

Nursing theory assist the discipline of nursing

in clarifiying beliefs, values, and goals and
they help to define the unique contribution of
nursing in the care of clients

Nursing theory is necessary for the continued

development and evaluation of the discipline
of nursing

Process of Knowledge
Development

Scope of theories

Grand theories
Composed of concept representing global

and extremely complex phenomena

Middle range theories

Midlle range theory provides a perspective

from which to view complex situation and a

direction for intervention

Micro range theories

Explain a spesific phenomenon of concern

to the discipline

Florence Nightingale

Nightingale was born in 1820 in florence

Her parent were very wealthy and often
traveled abroad
At the age of 17 she believed had been called
of mankind
At the age of 24, Nightingale decided she
needed to help the suffering masses and
wishes to work in hospital
She developed nursing theory after her travel
to scutari to care for wounded soldiers during
the Crimean War

Nightingales Environtmental
Philosophy

Environtment of the patient could be altered

so as to allow nature to act on the patient

Her work focuses mostly on the patient and

the environtment but also included the nurse
and health

Nurses duty to the patients environtment

so that nature could act on the patient and
repair health

Nightingales Environtmental
Philosophy

Environtment
Defined as anything that can be manipulated to place

a patient in the best possible condition for nature to

act

Person
Refer to the person as the one who is receiving care.

Person is a dinamic and complex being

Health
Health is not only to be well, to be able to use well

every power we used (prevention and promotion)

Nursing
Nurses were to assisst nature to repair the patient

Interaction of the nurse and patient

with Nightingale environtmental
theory
Ventilation and
warmth

Assess the client body temperature, room

temperature , and room from the fresh air
and foul odors. Develop a plan to keep
the room airy and free of odor

Light

Assess the room for adequate light. Develop

and implement adequate light in the clients
room without placing client in the direct light

Cleanliness of room
and walls

Assess the room for dampness, dust. Keep the

room free from dust, dirt,and dampness

Health of houses

Assess the surrounding environtment for pure

air, pure water, drainage, cleanliness and light

Interaction of the nurse and patient

with Nightingale environtmental
theory
Noise

Assess the noise level in the clients room

and surrounding area. Attemp to keep
noise level to a minimum

Bed

Assess the bed for dampness, wrinkles, and

soiling. Keep the bed dry, wrinkle free

Personal cleanliness

Attemp to keep the client dry and clean at all

times

Variety

Attemp to stimulate variety in the room and

with patient

Chattering hopes
and advices

Avoid talking without reason or giving advice

that is without fact

Interaction of the nurse and patient

with Nightingale environtmental
theory
Taking food

Assess the diet of the client. Take note of

the amount of food and drink ingested

What food

Continue with the assessment of the client diet

to include type of food and drink the client likes
or dislike

Petty Management

Petty management ensures continuity of care

Observation of the
sick

Observe anithing about client. Record all

observation

Orem Self Care Deficit Nursing Theory

Nursing concern man need for self

care action and the provision and
management of it on a continuous
basis in order to sustain life and
health, recover from disease or
injury, and cope with their effects.
Nursing goal overcoming human
limitations

SCDNT is expressed in the following

theory

Theory of nursing system

Theory of self care defisit

Theory of self care

Theory of Nursing System

Nursing use the nursing process to help

individual meet their self care requisites and
build their self care or dependent care
capabilities
Basic nursng system categorized according
to the relationship between patient and
nurse action.
Wholly compensatory system
Partly compensatory system
Supportive-educative system

Theory of Self Care Deficit

The central idea of of the theory of self care

deficit is that the requirement of person for
nursing are associated with the subjectivity of
mature and maturing persons to health related
or health care related action limitations
A term that expresses the relationship between
the action capabilities of individual and their
demmand for care
Nursing is required because of the inability to
perform self care as the result of limitation

Theory of Self Care

Self care is a human regulatory

fucntion that individual must, with
deliberation, perform themselves or
have performed for them to maintain
life, health, development, and well
being
Self care is an action system
The elaboration of the concept os self
care, self care demmand and self
care agency

The Neuman System

Model

The Neuman system model reflect

nursing interest in well and ill people
as holistic system and in
environtmental influences on health

Client act in partnership with nurses

to set goal and identify relevan
prevention intervention

Major Concept of System Model

Wholistic approach
Open system (function, input and output, feed
back, negentropy, entropy, and stability)
Environtment
Created environtment
Wellness and illness
Client system
Stressor
Degree of reaction
prevention as intervention
Reconstitution

Major Assumtion System Model

Nursing
Unique profesion that it is concerned with all of the

variable affecting an individual response to stress

Person as client or client system

The client system is dinamic composite of

interelationship among psysiological, psychological,

sociocultural, developmental and spiritual factor

Health
Optimal wellness or stability indicate that total system

needs are being met

Environtment
Internal and external factor that interact with client

Peplau Theory of Interpersonal

Relations

Mother of psiciatric nursing

She taught psicodinamic nursing and
stressed importance of the nurses
ability to understand his or her own
behavior to help other identify
perceived difficulties.
She identified four phase nursepatient relationship (orientation,
identification, exploitation, resolution)

Peplau Theory of Interpersonal

Relations

Proposed and described six nursing

role
Stranger
Resource person
Teacher
Leader
Surrogate
Counselor

Major Concept Interpersonal

Relationship

Person
Developing organism in an stable equilibrium

Environment
External factor and significant other

Health
Interpersonal process that facilitate fordward

movement of the personality

Nursing
To develop interaction between the nurse and

the person