PRESENTATION

ON
PLC

Submitted to: Er. Chamandeep Kaur

Submitted by: Arshdeep Singh
1253775

What is Automation?
Automation or automatic control, is the use of
various control systems for operating equipment
such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and
heat treating ovens, switching on telephone
networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft
and other applications with minimal or reduced
human intervention.

Benefits of Automation Systems

Reduce Production Cost - A quick return on investment (ROI)
outweighs the initial setup costs. All of the following automation
advantages reduce production cost.
Improved Quality and Reliability - Automation is precise and
repeatable. It ensures the product is manufactured with the same
specifications and process every time. Repairs are few and far between.
Better Floor Space Utilization - By decreasing a footprint of a work area
by automating parts of your production line, you can utilize the floor
space for other operations and make the process flow more efficient.
Reduce Waste - Robots are so accurate that the amount of raw material
used can be reduced, decreasing costs on waste.
Saves Local Jobs - Instead of moving your company to a location with
lower labor costs, incorporate automation in a few key areas. This will
increase your product through-put and increase your profit so you can
keep your company in the current location.
Stay Competitive - Reduction in schedule and cost attracts customers.
Automation helps provide the highest throughput with least amount of
spending.

What is PLC?

A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC) is an

industrial computer control system that continuously monitors the
state of input devices and makes decisions based upon a custom
program to control the state of output devices.

How does a PLC operate?

There are four basic steps in the operation of all PLCs; Input Scan, Program Scan,
Output Scan, and Housekeeping. These steps continually take place in a repeating
loop.
Four Steps In The PLC Operations
1. Input Scan Detects the state of all input
devices that are connected to the PLC
2. Program Scan Executes the user created
program logic
3. Output Scan Energizes or de-energize all
output devices that are connected to the PLC.
4. Housekeeping This step includes
communications with programming terminals,
internal diagnostics, etc...

Specifications
Of
CPU
(AT89C51 Microcontroller)

Pin Configuration of AT89C51 Microcontroller

AT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmel's 8051

family. ATMEL 89C51 has 4KB of Flash programmable and erasable
read only memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes of RAM.
In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four ports designated as P 1, P2, P3 and P0.
All these ports are 8-bit bi-directional ports, i.e., they can be used as
both input and output ports. Except P0 which needs external pull-ups,
rest of the ports have internal pull-ups. When 1s are written to these
port pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used
as inputs.
Port 3 has multiplexed pins for special functions like serial
communication, hardware interrupts, timer inputs and read/write
operation from external memory. Including two timers & hardware
interrupts, it has a total of six interrupts.

Timers/Counter

Counter/timer hardware is a crucial component of most embedded systems.

In some cases, a timer measures elapsed time (counting processor clock
ticks). In others, we want to count or time external events. The names
counter and timer can be used interchangeably when talking about the
hardware.

Types of Memories
RAM:
A random-access memory device allows data items to be accessed (read
or written) in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the
physical location of data inside the memory.
SRAM:
Static random-access memory (static RAM or SRAM) is a type of
semiconductor memory that uses bistable latching circuitry (flip-flop) to
store each bit.
DRAM:
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) is a type of random-access
memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an
integrated circuit. The capacitor can be either charged or discharged;
these two states are taken to represent the two values of a bit,
conventionally called 0 and 1.

ROM:
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used
in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM can
only be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly
used to store firmware.
EPROM:
Erasable programmable read-only memory, is a type of memory
chip that retains its data when its power supply is switched off.
Computer memory that can retrieve stored data after a power
supply has been turned off and back on is called non-volatile.
EEPROM:
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable ReadOnly Memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in
computers and other electronic devices to store relatively small
amounts of data but allowing individual bytes to be erased and
reprogrammed.

DAC Convertor
A simplified funtional diagram of 8 bit DAC convertor is as shown,

In electronics, a Digital to Analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A or D-toA) is a function that converts digital data (usually binary) into an
analog signal (current, voltage, or electric charge).

Types of DACs
Many types of DACs available.
Usually switches, resistors, and op-amps used to implement
conversion
Two Types:
Binary Weighted Resistor
R-2R Ladder

Binary Weighted Resistor

Utilizes a summing
op-amp circuit
Weighted resistors
are used to
distinguish each
bit from the most
significant to the
least significant
Transistors are
used to switch
between Vref and
ground (bit high or
low)

R-2R Ladder
Each bit
corresponds to a
switch.

V
ref

If the bit is high,the

corresponding
switch is connected
to the inverting
input of the op-amp.
Bit: 0
0

4-Bit
Converter

V
out

If the bit is low, the

corresponding
switch is connected
to ground.

Specifications of DACs

Resolution
Speed
Linearity
Settling Time
Reference Voltages
Errors

RELAYS

A relay is an electrically operated switch. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in
from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used
extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical
operations.

Types of Relays
Latching relay
Reed relay
Mercury-wetted relay
Mercury relay
Polarized relay
Machine tool relay
Coaxial relay
Time delay relay

Electric Motor

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy

into mechanical energy.

Types of Motors

THANK YOU