Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
12/19/16
Chemical
Acids : released by DDT, high explosives, battery
industries.
It is caused by the presence of CO2, mineral
acids(H2SO4),weakly associated acids.
Acidity is not a specific pollutant. It may be defined
as the power of water to neutralize hydroxyl ions
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HARDNESS OF WATER
Hardness is expressed in terms of equivalent amount of
CaCO3 (mg/L). It is the most insoluble salt
2C17H35COONa + CaCl2 (C17H35COO)2Ca
2NaCl
Temporary/Carbonate/Alkaline Hardness
Temporary hardness is caused by the less soluble carbonates
and bicarbonates of Ca & Mg & other heavy metals & the
carbonate of iron
Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling water when
bicarbonates are decomposed, yielding insoluble carbonates
or hydroxides
Ca(HCO3)2
Mg(HCO3)2
Mg(OH)2 + 2CO2
insoluble
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Permanent/Non-carbonate/Non-Alkaline Hardness
Permanent hardness is due to the more soluble
chlorides, sulfates, nitrates of Ca, Mg, Fe, and other
heavy metals
Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling of
water
Softening methods are used
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Industrial use:
i: Textiles: loss of soaps during washing of yarn, & fabrics. Ppt
sticks on fabric & dyeing is not uniform. Also Fe, Mn etc salts
leave colored spots on fabrics
ii. Sugar: crystallization of sugar is affected.
iii: Paper: react with chemicals to provide smooth & glossy
finishing to paper. Iron salts add unwarranted color in paper.
iv. Pharmaceuticals: undesirable products may be produced in
medicines
v. Problems from Boiler feed water (scales and sludge
formation, corrosion, caustic embrittlement etc)
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Determination of Hardness:
Step1: EDTA solution is standardized with standard
hard water
Step2: EDTA is used to titrate unknown hard water
sample
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External Treatment
External Treatment ( Softening methods): The
process of removing hardness causing salts from
water is called as softening of water. Mainly the
following three methods are used for softening:
Lime soda process
Zeolite or permutit process
Ion exchange or deionization or demineralization
process
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Very economical
pH is increased , there by corrosion is reduced
to a certain extent iron & manganese are also
reduced.
Disadvantages:
Hardness after Cold process is about 50 ppm & 30
ppm by Hot process. These values are high for
pressure boilers.
Careful operation & skilled supervision is required
+ 2NaCl
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Na2Ze + CaCl2
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+ MgCl2
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Limitations:
Turbid water should not be admitted, otherwise it
will block the pores of zeolite & make them
inactive.
Any colored Fe ions must be removed earlier
because, it is difficult to regenerate it from iron
zeolite.
Mineral acid present in water must be neutralized
earlier with soda otherwise that may destroy
zeolite bed.
Advantages:
Water of about 10 ppm hardness is produced.
Process automatically adjusts itself for
different hardness of incoming water.
Requires less skill in maintenance as well as
operation.
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Disadvantages:
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Process
Hard water is first passed through cation exchange
bed which removes all cations like Ca2+ , Mg2+ ,
Na+ & release H+ ions. Thus Cl - , SO4 --, CO3-- are
converted into corresponding acids HCL, H2SO4, &
H2CO3
After this the acidic hard water is passed through an
anion exchange bed which removes all anions present
in water & equivalent amount of OH- ions is released
from it to form water.
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Regeneration
When ion exchange capacities are lost ( resins are
exhausted) the supply of water is stopped. The
exhausted cation exchanger i.e. regenerated by
passing dilute HCl or H2SO4.
RCa or RMg + 2HCl 2RH + CaCl2 or MgCl2
The exchange bed is washed with de-ionized water &
washings( contained Ca2+ , Mg2+ Cl - , SO4 --,) is
passed to sink or drain.
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RCl2 + 2NaOH
R(OH)2 + 2NaCl
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Advantages:
(i) The process can be used to soften highly acidic or
alkaline water,
(ii) Water of low hardness(2 ppm) thus very good for
high pressure boilers.
Disadvantages:
(i) The equipment is costly
(ii) Turbidity should be below 10 ppm
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1.
2.
3.
It should be cool
4.
The total dissolved solids (TDS) should be less than 500 ppm
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5.
6.
7.
8.
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The process of destroying or removing of the pathogenic microorganisms from the water and making it safe, is called as
disinfection, and the chemicals or substances used for the
disinfection are called as disinfectants
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1.
Chlorination
2.
Ozonization
3.
UV treatment
C. Advanced treatments
1.
Reverse osmosis
2.
Ultrafiltration
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HOCl + HCl
HOCl
H+ + OCl
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Dechlorination:
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Action of bleaching
powder
Ca(OCl)2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl (hypochlorous acid)
Germs + HOCl Germs killed
Only calculated quantity of bleaching powder (calcium
hypochlorite) should be used, since an excess of it
gives bad taste and smell to treated water
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3O2
2O3
(Oxygen)
Ozone if highly
unstable and breaks down(Ozone)
liberating nascent oxygen
(Decomposition)
O3
O2 + [ O ]
Nascent oxygen
is a powerful oxidizing agent and(Nascent
oxidizesoxygen)
any organic
(Ozone)
Ozone is injected into water, and the two are allowed to come into
contact for 10 15 minutes in a sterilizing tank
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O2
[O]
(Nascent oxygen)
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Process:
More
recently
superior
membranes
made
of
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i.
The process removes both ionic as well as non-ionic, colloidal and high
molecular weight organic polymers
ii.
iii. The maintenance cost is low and only involves the replacement of the
semi permeable membrane which takes a few minutes thereby providing
uninterrupted pure water supply. At the same time the membrane cost is
reasonably low and lasts for approx. 2 years
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Thus, low molecular weight organics, and ions such as Na+, Ca2+,
Mg2+ and Cl pass through the membrane while high molecular
weight species (macromolecules or supermolecules: 103 106
Daltons) are removed
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The stream of liquid that comes out through the membrane is called
permeate and the other side of the liquid stream (which contains the
macromolecules) is called the concentrate as it progressively gets
concentrated with the macromolecules stopped by the membrane
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THANKYOU
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mechtechnmims@gmail.com
classrepresentativecs@gmail.com
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