Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Tim Clark
VDSL Consortium
Presentation Content
Simulation Overview
Constellation Encoding and Multi-Carrier
Modulation
Reed-Solomon Forward Error Correction
Convolutional Interleaving
Channel Model
Equalization (TEQ and FEQ)
Bit Allocation
Training
Simulation Overview
Simulation done with code in MATLAB
Simulates a DSLAM transmitter, twisted-pair
channel, and remote receiver
Simulation process:
* Generate a frame of random binary data
* Encode and modulate at the transmitter
* Apply channel attenuation and add crosstalk to signal
* Equalize, demodulate, and decode at the receiver
* Compare binary data and CRC
* Calculate BER and FER
Block Diagram
Transmitter
CRC
Generation
ReedSolomon
Encoding
Scrambler
Convolutional
Interleaving
QAM
Constellation
Encoder
Random
Binary
Data
CRC
Generation
IFFT
Cyclic
Extension
ReedSolomon
Encoding
Scrambler
Twisted-Pair
Channel
Crosstalk
Receiver
Syndrome
Detector
Convolutional
De-Interleaving
TEQ
&
FEQ
Strip
Cyclic
Extension
FFT
ReedSolomon
Decoding
Descrambler
CRC
Check
ReedSolomon
Decoding
Descrambler
CRC
Check
QAM
Constellation
Decoder
Syndrome
Detector
Scrambler/Descrambler
x(n)
m(n)
...
D18
...
D23
+
Scrambler output is the sum of the current bit and
the 18th and 23rd delayed bits:
x(n) = m(n) + m(n-18) + m(n-23)
Addition is modulo-2, equivalent to exclusive-OR
UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE
INTEROPERABILITY
Reed-Solomon Coding
R redundant bytes are calculated by dividing the K
message bytes by a generator polynomial over the
Galois Field GF(256)
MATLAB has built-in functions for encoding and
decoding RS codewords
Interleaving
VDSL uses a convolutional interleaving algorithm
to protect data against burst errors by spreading
them out over multiple Reed-Solomon codewords
Interleaving parameters:
* I = number of interleaver branches
* M = incremental delay
* D = interleaving depth = M x I + 1
IR
correct 2 N
Can
byte errors
Introduces a delay of M x I x (I-1) bytes
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INTEROPERABILITY
Algorithm:
1. Interleaver memory is initialized with zeros
2. Input data is read into interleaver I bytes at a time
3. Each interleaver branch is delayed in increments of M
4. Data is output from front of interleaver
5. Left-shift interleaver memory
QAM Constellations
A sequence of bits is mapped to a complex number
representing a constellation point
Can use 1 to 15 bits per constellation point
Corresponds to constellation size of 2 1 to 215 = 2 to 32K
DMT Modulation
Discrete Multi-Tone
Uses 4095 4-kHz bands
Each band can carry a different number of bits
Construct an array of 4096 complex numbers
Take IFFT
Result is the DMT signal
Demodulated by the FFT, reverse-mapping
Channel Model
Channel transfer function is calculated using ABCD
modeling
IFFT transfer function to get channel impulse
response
Convolve DMT signal with impulse response to get
attenuated signal
Add crosstalk
Crosstalk
VDSL self-crosstalk is added to signal
Simulates up to 20 other VDSL modems using the
same spectrum operating in the same binder group
Training
At beginning of simulation, modems perform a
training session that involves discovery of the
channel and bit allocation
Channel discovery for calculating equalizer
coefficients
Channel equalizers designed to negate channel
effects
Bit allocation determines how many bits are
carried on each tone
Bit Allocation
Shannon Capacity formula:
b 1 / 2 log 2 (1 SNR / )
to a BER of 10-7
corresponds
9.55
Bits are adjusted such that total number of bits fits an
integer number of Reed-Solomon codewords
Creates a bit allocation profile that tells both receivers
how many bits are modulated on each tone, i.e. what
constellation size to map to
Frequency-Division Duplexing
Upstream and Downstream are multiplexed by
assigning each tone to a direction
Although 4096 tones extend beyond 17 MHz,
current frequency plans only allocate transmission
up to 12 MHz
138 kHz
3.7 MHz
5.3 MHz
8.4 MHz
12 MHz
138 kHz
2.9 MHz
5.2 MHz
7 MHz
12 MHz
Downstream
Upstream
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INTEROPERABILITY
TEQ
FEQ
=
1
References
ANSI / T1E1
* T1.424 Trial Standard
Multi Carrier Modulation: Part III