Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prof. Bhagirathi V
Prof. Bhagirathi V
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WPANs: IrDA
Infrared Data Association
IrDA specifications include standards for physical
devices and network protocols they use to
communicate
Devices communicate using infrared light-emitting
diodes
Recessed into device
Many design considerations affect IrDA performance
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MAN
1*
a
2
3
b
4
Metropolitan network A
consists of access
subnetworks a, b, c, d.
National network
consists of regional
subnetworks .
Metropolitan network
A is part of regional
subnetwork .
Figure
1.8
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WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
IEEE 802.16-2001
Addresses fixed line of sight connections and
operates in the licensed frequency range
between 10 GHz and 66 GHz.
At these high frequency range there are more
available bandwidth and reduced risk of
interference.
Has a maximum coverage of 5km.
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IEEE 802.16-2005(802.16e)
Support mobility and will standardize networking
between fixed base stations and mobile devices.
Would enable high-speed signal handoffs
necessary for communications with users
moving at vehicular speeds which is below
100km/h.
It will provide a symmetric (up and down) bit
rates of 70Mbps.
operate in the frequency range between 2-6
GHz.
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Applications
To provide a wireless alternative to cable, DSL and
T1/E1 for last mile access especially in areas where wire
broadband access are absent.
Serves as E1/T1 replacements for small and medium
size businesses.
Provide residential wireless DSL for broadband Internet
at home.
It can be used as wireless backhaul for Wi-Fi hotspot
and cellular companies.
Operators/carriers can use it as a backup backbone.
It can be used in disaster recovery scenes where the
wired networks have broken down.
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Applications
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Applications
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Physical layer
IEEE 802.16-2001
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Physical layer
IEEE 802.16-2004 (802.16d)
Design for the 2-11 GHz range and is more
complex because of interference.
Three air interfaces are specified for this range,
which are;
Wireless MAN-SC uses single carrier modulation
Wireless MAN-OFDM uses a 256-carrier FDM.
Provides multiple access to different stations through
TDMA. (Most adopted by vendors)
Wireless MAN-OFDMA uses a 2,048-carrier OFDM
scheme. Provides multiple access by assigning a
subset of the carriers to an individual receiver
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Physical layer
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Physical layer
IEEE 802.16-2005 (802.16e)
The main technologies used for its physical layer are
OFDMA and an improved version called Scalable
OFDMA (SOFDMA).
OFDMA is required in the implementation of 802.16e and
also for the certification of 802.16e devices.
SOFDMA scales the number of sub-carriers in a channel
with possible values of 128, 512, 1024, and 2,048.
OFDMA and SOFDMA also benefit fixed broadband
service because carriers can allocate spectrum more
efficiently and reduce interference.
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MAC Layer
It is connection oriented and supports quality of service.
It uses a slotted TDMA protocol scheduled by the base
terminal station to allocate capacity to subscribers.
Supports both Time Division Duplex (TDD) and
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and, also Half DuplexFDD.
supports quality of service (QoS) for stations through
adaptive allocation of the uplink and downlink traffic.
It also supports different transport technologies such as
IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM) and any future protocol not yet developed.
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MAC Layer
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WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
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WiMAX (IEEE 802.16)
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Satellites
Satellite use falls into three broad categories:
Acquire scientific data, perform research
Examine Earth
Military and weather satellites
Reflectors
Relay signals
Communications, navigation, broadcast
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Satellites (continued)
Satellite systems classified by type of orbit:
Low earth orbiting (LEO): Small area of earth
coverage
Over 225 satellites needed for total coverage of earth
Must travel very fast
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Satellites (continued)
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Communications Software
Communications software consists of programs that:
Help users
Manage
Provide
an
theestablish
interface
transmission
afor
connection
users
of data,
to communicate
instructions,
to another computer
and
withinformation
oneoranother
network
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Communications Over
the Telephone Network
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the
worldwide telephone system
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Communications Over
the Telephone Network
DSL
ATM
Dial-up lines
Dedicated
ISDN
T-carrier
FTTP
line
line
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Communications Over
the Telephone Network
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Communications Devices
A communications device is any type of hardware
capable of transmitting data, instructions, and
information between a sending device and a receiving
device
A dial-up modem converts signals between analog and
digital
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Communications Devices
A digital modem sends and receives data and
information to and from a digital line
ISDNmodem
DSL
Cable
modem
modem
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Communications Devices
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Communications Devices
A wireless modem uses the cell phone network to
connect to the Internet wirelessly from a notebook
computer, a smart phone, or other mobile device
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Communications Devices
A network card
enables a computer
or device to access a
network
Available in a variety
of styles
Wireless network
cards often have an
antenna
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Communications Devices
A wireless access point is a
central communications
device that allows computers
and devices to transfer data
wirelessly among themselves
or to a wired network
A router connects multiple
computers or other routers
together and transmits data
to its correct destination on a
network
Many are protected by a
hardware firewall
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Home Networks
Home networks provide computers with the following
capabilities:
Access
Share
Play
Connect
Subscribe
multiplayer
aperipherals
files
single
totothe
game
and
and
high-speed
consoles
Internet
programs
games
use VoIP
attothe
Internet
the
on same
other
Internet
connection
time
computers
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Home Networks
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Communications Channel
The amount of data that
can travel over a
communications
channel sometimes is
called the bandwidth
Transmission media
carries one or more
signals
Broadband media
transmit multiple signals
simultaneously
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Coaxial cable
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Summary
WPANs encompass technology that is designed for
portable devices, typically PDAs, cell phones, and
tablet or laptop computers at transmission speeds
lower than the other types of networks
The IEEE 802.15 standards address wireless
personal area networks
RFID is not a standard but is a technology that
uses RF tags to transmit information
IrDA technology uses infrared transmissions to
transmit data at speeds from 9,600 bps to 16 Mbps
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Summary (continued)
FSO is an optical, wireless, point-to-point wireless
metropolitan area network technology
LMDS can provide a wide variety of wireless
services, including high-speed Internet access,
real-time multimedia file transfer, remote access to
local area networks, interactive video, video-ondemand, video conferencing, and telephone
MMDS has many of similarities to LMDS, yet has a
longer distance range
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Summary (continued)
The IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) standard holds great
promise for providing higher throughput rates for
fixed location and mobile users
Wireless wide area network (WWAN) technology
encompasses digital cellular telephony and satellite
The future of wireless networks is hard to predict,
but most experts agree that wireless networks will
be faster, more global, and easier to use in the
years ahead
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