CONCRETE TYPES AND ITS

PROPERTIES

 Normal concrete
High Strength Concrete

TYPES OF
CONCRETE

High Performance Concrete

Air Entrained Concrete
Light Weight Concrete
Self Compacting Concrete
Shotcrete
Pervious Concrete
Roller Compacted Concrete

NORMAL CONCRETE
The concrete in which common ingredients i.e. aggregate, water,
cement are used is known as normal concrete. It is also called
normal weight concrete or normal strength concrete.
It has a setting time of 30 - 90 minutes depending upon moisture
in atmosphere, fineness of cement etc.
The development of the strength starts after 7 days the common
strength values is 10 MPa (1450 psi) to 40 MPa (5800 psi). At
about 28 days 75 - 80% of the total strength is attained.
Almost at 90 days 95% of the strength is achieved.

Properties of Normal Concrete

Its slump varies from 1 - 4 inches.

Density ranges from 140 pcf to 175 pcf.
It is strong in compression and weak in tension.
Air content 1 - 2 %.
Normal concrete is not durable against severe conditions
e.g. freezing and thawing.

HIGH STRENGTH
CONCRETE
Compressive strength of high strength concrete mix is usually greater than 6,000 pounds

per square inch.

High strength concrete is made by lowering the water cement (W/C) ratio to 0.35 or lower.
Often silica fume is added to prevent the formation of free calcium hydroxide crystals in the
cement, which might reduce the strength at the cement aggregate bond.
Low w/c ratios and the use of silica fume make concrete mixes significantly less workable,
which is particularly likely to be a problem in high-strength concrete applications where
dense rebar cages are likely to be used. To compensate for the reduced workability in the
high strength concrete mix, superplasticizers are commonly added to high-strength
mixtures.
Aggregate must be selected carefully for high strength mixes, as weaker aggregates may
not be strong enough to resist the loads imposed on the concrete and cause failure to start
in the aggregate.

HIGH PERORMANCE
CONCRETE
High strength concrete mix can be prepared with careful selection of ingredients and

optimization of mix design.

High workability is attained by super plasticizers, they lower the water cement
ratio to 0.25 which is the amount required only for hydration process.
High durability is attributed to fly ash and silica fume which modify the e mineralogy
of the cement; it enhances the compatibility of ingredients in concrete mass and
reduces the CH amount. Fly ash also causes ball bearing effect increasing workability.
The admixtures are 20-25% fly ash of partial replacement of cement and rest 70% is
Ordinary Portland Cement.
As it is not usually durable against freezing and thawing so air entrained agents can
also be utilized.

Properties of high performance

concrete mix
Strength of high performance concrete ranges from 10000
psi - 15000 psi
Water cement ratio can be reduced to 0.25

AIR ENTRAINED
CONCRETE
It is used where the concrete is vulnerable to freezing and
thawing action.
It is used where the concrete is vulnerable to freezing and
thawing action. It is prepared by adding the air entraining
admixture.
It lowers the surface tension of water and thus bubbles
are created.
Air entraining agents or air entrained admixtures are used
for the purpose of making entrained air in concrete.

\\\\\\\\\\
http://www.aboutcivil.org/types-of-concrete.html

FREEZING AND THAWING:

There are two phenomenons regarding the freezing and thawing action on concrete.
when water inside concrete mass freezes it expands 9-10% due to this increase in the size
it exerts pressure on its surrounding and thus creating a tensile force due to which micro
cracks appear in the concrete. Due to freezing these micro cracks develop into fissures
which results in disruption of concrete.
When the air entrained agents are present, extra amount of air is there as water expands
these air bubble provide them thin space and the exertion of pressure is prevented.
In a concrete structure there are two parts, frozen and unfrozen. As the water content is
higher in the frozen part, the osmotic pressure is developed and water tends to flow
towards the low water concentration part. If capillaries are not available, the water
develops cracks.
Normal concrete can not sustain 3-4 cycles of freezing and thawing where as the AEA
concrete can sustain 100 cycles of it.
Drawbacks of Air Entrained Concrete:
It has low strength as compare to normal concrete.

LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

The concrete which has substantially lower mass per unit volume
then the concrete made of ordinary ingredients is called
lightweight concrete. The aggregates used are lighter in weight.
Density of light weight concrete is 240 kg/m (15pcf) -1850 kg/m
(115 pcf).
Strength of light weight concrete blocks varies from 7 MPa (1000
psi) - 40 MPa (5800 psi).
Some times Air Entrained Admixtures are also added to it giving
resistance to freezing and thawing along with strength.

Uses of Light weight

concrete:
Used where extra load is not applied
e.g. parapet wall, road lining etc. or to reduce dead load.

SELF COMPACTING
CONCRETE
The concrete where no vibration is required. The concrete is compacted due
to its own weight. It is also called self consolidated concrete or flowing
concrete. It can be also categorized as high performance concrete as the
ingredients are the same, but in this type of concrete workability is
increased. This self-consolidating concrete is characterized by:
Extreme fluidity as measured by flow, typically between 650-750 mm on a
flow table, rather than slump (height).
No need for vibrators to compact the concrete.
Placement being easier.
No bleed water, or aggregate segregation.

Uses and Applications of Self

Compacting Concrete:
It is used in location unreachable for vibrations. e.g.
underground structure, deep wells or at bottom of deep
sea.
SCC can save up to 50% in labor costs due to 80% faster
pouring and reduced wear and tear on formwork.

SHOTCRETE
Shotcrete concrete uses compressed air to shoot concrete onto (or
into) a frame or structure.
Shotcrete is mortar or (usually) concrete conveyed through a hose
and pneumatically projected at through a shortcrete nozzle with
high velocity onto a surface. Shotcrete undergoes placement and
compaction at the same time due to the force with which it is
projected from the nozzle.
It can be impacted onto any type or shape of surface, including
vertical or overhead areas.
Shotcrete is frequently used against vertical soil or rock surfaces,
as it eliminates the need for formwork.

 It is sometimes used for rock support, especially in

tunneling.
Shotcrete is also used for applications where seepage is an
issue to limit the amount of water entering a construction
site due to a high water table or other subterranean
sources.
This type of concrete is often used as a quick fix for
weathering for loose soil types in construction zones.

PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Pervious concrete contains a network of holes or voids, to
allow air or water to move through the concrete. This allows
water to drain naturally through it, and can both remove
the normal surface water drainage infrastructure, and allow
replenishment of groundwater when conventional concrete
does not.
It is formed by leaving out some or the entire fine aggregate
(fines), the remaining large aggregate then is bound by a
relatively small amount of Portland cement.
When set, typically between 15% and 25% of the concrete
volumes are voids, allowing water to drain.

 The majority of pervious concrete pavements function well

with little or no maintenance. Maintenance of pervious
concrete pavement consists primarily of prevention of
clogging of the void structure.
In preparing the site prior to construction, drainage of
surrounding landscaping should be designed to prevent
flow of materials onto pavement surfaces. Soil, rock,
leaves, and other debris may infiltrate the voids and
hinder the flow of water, decreasing the utility of the
pervious concrete pavement.

ROLLER COMPACTING
CONCRETE
Roller compacted concrete, sometimes called rollcrete, is a lowcement-content stiff concrete placed using techniques borrowed from
earthmoving and paving work.
The concrete is placed on the surface to be covered, and is compacted
in place using large heavy rollers typically used in earthwork.
The concrete mix achieves a high density and cures over time into a
strong monolithic block.
Roller compacted concrete is typically used for concrete pavement.
Roller compacted concrete dams can also be built, as the low cement
content causes less heat to be generated while curing than typical for
conventionally placed massive concrete pours.

Ready-Mix Concrete
Ready-mix concrete has cement, aggregates, water and other
ingredients, which are weigh-batched at a centrally located plant.
This is then delivered to the construction site in truck mounted
transit mixers and can be used straight away without any further
treatment.
Ready-mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on-site concrete mixing
Ready Mixed Concrete is manufactured under computer-controlled
operations and transported and placed at site using sophisticated
equipment and methods

Polymer Concrete
Polymer concrete is also composed of aggregats that include
silica, quartz, granite, limestone, and other high quality material.
Polymer concrete may be used for new construction or repairing
of old concrete.
he low permeability and corrosive resistance of polymer concrete
allows it to be used in swimming pools, sewer structure
applications, drainage channels, electrolytic cells for base metal
recovery, and other structures that contain liquids or corrosive
chemicals.

4 Mainly types of polymer concrete

1. Polymer impregnated concrete
2. Polymer cement concrete
3. Polymer concrete
4. Partially impregnated and surface coated polymer
concrete.

PRECAST CONCRETE

What is Precast Concrete ?

Precast concrete is cast under factory controlled conditions
and not erected on site until it is fully hardened. Just like insitu concrete, precast concrete can be plain, reinforced or
prestressed concrete.

TYPES OF PRECAST
COMPONENTS IN A BUILDING
The figure below shows the basic precast structure. The
numbers of different types of components in these
structures over the years have become very large. But
following figure shows the major types of precast
components in a building.

Precast Beams
1. Internal beams where floor loading is approximately
symmetrical
2. External beams where floor loading is predominantly
non-symmetrical.

Precast Coloumns
For structures of five storeys or less, each column will
normally be continuous to the full height of the building. For
structures greater than five storeys two or more columns are
spliced together.
The main types of precast columns are:
1. Edge columns symmetrical in one direction.
2. Internal columns symmetrical in all directions.
3. Corner columns not symmetrical at all.

Precast Floor Slabs

1. Hollow cored slab
2. Double tee slab

Precast Walls
Precast concrete walls serve two functions:
Stability
As walls or boxes surrounding staircases and lift shafts.
Walls may be classified as infill or cantilever:
Infill walls rely on contiguous composite action with the
beam and column frame.
Cantilever walls or boxes act as deep beams to which the
frame is attached.

Precast Staircases
Three options are available for precast staircases:
A single precast unit containing all the flights and
landings
Separate precast flights and landings
Parts of the flights and landings are made in one piece.

Advantages of Precast

Durability
Speed-to-Market
Sustainability
Integrated Project Delivery
Increased Value to Owner
Flexibility of Space Planning

DISADVANTAGES OF PRECAST
If not properly handled, the precast units may be damaged
during transport.
It becomes difficult to produce satisfactory connections
between the precast members.
It is necessary to arrange for special equipment for lifting
and moving of the precast units.
The economy achieved in precast construction is partially
balanced by the amount to be spent in transport and
handling of precast members.

Precast Concrete Process

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Production of reinforced cages and main connections

Assembly of mulds
Mix being poured
Compaction of concrete using poker vibrator
Precast concrete being moved to the storage area
Storage of high-quality units in works area
Transport to site
Erection at site
Finished building

FORMWORK
Formwork in concrete
construction isused as a
mould for a structure in which
fresh concrete is pouredonly
to harden subsequently.
Types of formwork for
concrete construction
depends on formwork
material and type of
structural element.

A good formwork should satisfy the

following requirements:
strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both

horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.

The joints should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
permit removal of various parts in desired sequences without
damage to the concrete. (For the construction)
The material should be cheap, easily available and should be
suitable for reuse.
It should be as light as possible.

Types of Formwork (Shuttering)

for Concrete Construction

Steel
Formwork
This consist of panels
fabricated out of thin
steel plates stiffened
along the edges by small
steel angles. This type of
shuttering is considered
most suitable for
circular or curved
structures

Steel forms compared with timber

formwork:
Steel forms are stronger, durable and
have longer life than timber formwork
and their reuses are more in number.
Steel forms can be installed and
dismantled with greater ease and
speed.
The quality of exposed concrete
surface by using steel forms is good
and such surfaces need no further
treatment.
Steel formwork does not absorb
moisture from concrete.
Steel formwork does not shrink or
warp.

Plywood
Formwork

Resin bonded plywood sheets are

attached to timber frames to make up
panels of required sizes. The cost of
plywood formwork compares
favourably with that of timber
shuttering and it may even prove
cheaper in certain cases in view of
the following considerations:
1) It is possible to have smooth finish
in which case on cost in surface
finishing is there.
2) By use of large size panels it is
possible to effect saving in the
labour cost of fixing and
dismantling.
3) Number of reuses are more as
compared with timber shuttering.
For estimation purpose, number of
reuses can be taken as 20 to 25.

Timber
Formwork

Timber for formwork should satisfy

the following requirement It should
be
well seasoned
light in weight
easily workable with nails without
splitting
free from loose knots
Timber used for shuttering for
exposed concrete work should have
smooth and even surface on all faces
which come in contact with concrete.

Scaffolding
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary
structure used to support a work crew and materials to
aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of
buildings, bridges and all other man made structures.
They are used to support people and hold materials that
are to be used for construction or repair of buildings and
other structures.

4 Types of Scaffholding

Single Scaffholding
Double Scaffholding
Tubular Scaffholding
Cantilever Scaffholding

Single Scaffholding

Double Scaffholding

Needle
Scaffholding

QUIZ 1

It is a type of precast.
Made in one piece.
Separate precast flights and landings.

Precast Staircases

QUIZ 2

It is a type of formwork.
It is possible to have smooth finish in which case on
cost in surface finishing is there.
Number of reuses are more as compared with timber
shuttering.

Plywood Formwork

QUIZ 3

It is a type of concrete.
Typically used for concrete pavement.
Sometimes called roll-crete.

Rolles Compacting Concrete

QUIZ 4

It is a type of concrete
It towers the surface tension of water and
thus bubbles are created
One of the greatest achievments in field of
concrete technology

AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE

QUIZ 5

It is a type of concrete
Used as a quick fix for weathering for loose
soil types in construction zones.
uses compressed air to shoot concrete onto
(or into) a frame or structure.

SHOTCRETE