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INTRODUCTION
Definition
PRINCIPLES OF AIR-CONDITIONING
The
TYPE OF AIR-CONDITIONING
1)
2)
3)
4)
APackagedTerminalAir
Conditioner(often
abbreviated PTAC) is a type of self-contained
heating andair conditioningsystem commonly
found in hotels, motels, senior housing facilities,
hospitals, condominiums, apartment buildings,
add-on rooms & sunrooms
DISTRICT
COOLING
SYSTEM
CHILLED BEAM
SYSTEM
The Objectives :
To centralized production of chilled water by
using district cooling plant. The generated
chilled water will then be channeled to various
building blocks thru pre-insulated seamless
underground pipes.
The Advantages
1. Improve energy efficiency
2. Protect environment
3. Save spaces
4. Improve urban view
5. Reduce manpower for
operation and maintenance
DCS - COMPONENTS
Central
ADVANTAGES
Simple
DISADVANTAGES
Compressor
Cold refrigerant vapor
-Inhaling the
and low pressure
refrigerant from the
suction channel
Evaporator
-Liquid turns to vapor
- Compressing to the
-Cold air flows out room
discharge channel.
Hot refrigerant vapor
and high pressure
Cold refrigerant vapor
and low pressure
ondenser
emove heat from condenser
efrigerant vapor turn to liquid.
Expansion Valve
-Low the temperature and
pressure of liquid
-Control the flow rate in
-to the evaporator.
COMPRESSOR
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
EXPANSION VALVE
THE COOLANT
Heat
THE COOLANT
Not
explosive
Soluble in oil to lubricate effectively
Harmless when responding to oil even in
the presence of moisture
Have a high resistance to electricity.
Type of coolant
R-22
MONOKLORODIFLUOROMETANA
R-11
TRIKLOROMONOFLUROMETANA
R-12
DIKLORODIFLUOROMETANA
COIL
COOL
AIR
HEAT
SOURCE OF
COOL AIR
COIL
S.A. DUCT
COIL
S.A.
FAN
COOL
AIR
HEAT
S.A.
TERMINAL
S.A. DUCT
COIL
S.A.
FAN
COOL
AIR
HEAT
S.A. DUCT
COIL
S.A.
FAN
COOL
AIR
WARM AIR
HEAT
S.A. DUCT
COIL
S.A.
FAN
R.A. GRILL
COOL
AIR
HEAT
R.A DUCT
S.A. DUCT
COIL
S.A.
FAN
R.A. GRILL
S.A.
TERMINAL
COOL
AIR
HEAT
R.A DUCT
S.A. DUCT
R.A. DAMPER
COIL
FRESH
OUTDOOR
AIR
S.A.
FAN
O.A.
DAMPER
FILTER
R.A. GRILL
S.A.
TERMINAL
COOL
AIR
HEAT
E.A.
DAMPER
R.A.
FAN
R.A DUCT
S.A. DUCT
R.A. DAMPER
COIL
FRESH
OUTDOOR
AIR
S.A.
FAN
O.A.
DAMPER
FILTER
R.A. GRILL
S.A.
TERMINAL
COOL
AIR
HEAT
Economizer
Aneconomizeris a mechanical device used to reduce
energy consumption
Provides
E.A.
DAMPER
R.A.
FAN
R.A DUCT
S.A. DUCT
R.A. DAMPER
HEAT
S.A.
FAN
O.A.
DAMPER
WATER PIPING
FILTER
CHILLED
WATER
PUMP
S.A.
TERMINAL
COOL
AIR
COIL
FRESH
OUTDOOR
AIR
R.A. GRILL
WATER
CHILLER
E.A.
DAMPER
R.A.
FAN
R.A DUCT
S.A. DUCT
R.A. DAMPER
HEAT
S.A.
FAN
O.A.
DAMPER
S.A.
TERMINAL
COOL
AIR
COIL
FRESH
OUTDOOR
AIR
R.A. GRILL
WATER PIPING
FILTER
HEAT
CHILLED
WATER
PUMP
COOLING
TOWER
WATER
CHILLER
CONDENSER
PUMP
E.A.
DAMPER
R.A.
FAN
R.A DUCT
S.A. DUCT
R.A. DAMPER
HEAT
S.A.
FAN
O.A.
DAMPER
S.A.
TERMINAL
COOL
AIR
COIL
FRESH
OUTDOOR
AIR
R.A. GRILL
WATER PIPING
FILTER
HEAT
BOILER
CHILLED
WATER
PUMP
COOLING
TOWER
WATER
CHILLER
CONDENSER
PUMP
Equipment Types
ROOFTOP
PACKAGE UNIT
SPLIT SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER AIR HANDLER
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV)
AIR TO AIR HEAT PUMP
Life expectancy 10 to 12 yrs for rooftop
and split systems
Expect increase in repair costs as
equipment ages
Typically largest expense to operation of
store, energy/repair costs
Repair or Replace?
CONDR
COMP
O.A.
COIL
FAN
E.A.
S.A. DUCT
R.A. DUCT
S.A.
TERMINAL
HEAT
ELECTRIC
HEATER
package unit
Mounted on adaptor
curb
Power exhaust and
economizer installed
Split System
HVAC
SPLIT SYSTEM
CONDENSING UNIT
REFRIGERANT
LINES
O.A.
HEAT
C
O
M
P
C
O
N
D
R
AIR
AIR HANDLING
UNIT
COIL
POSSIBLE
ELECTRIC
HEAT
FAN
E.A.
S.A. DUCT
R.A. DUCT
HEAT
OPTIONAL
SUPPLEMENTARY
HEATING
SYSTEM
SPLIT SYSTEM
Split System
Air
cooled
condensing unit
Compressor,
condenser coil and
condenser fans
Connected to indoor
air handler
VAV BOX
Consists of VAV terminal
box located in the space
above ceiling
HEAT REJECTION
(HIGH TEMPERATURE)
CONDITIONED
SPACE
95F
CONDENSER
105F
85F
HEAT
COOLING
TOWER
COMPRESSOR
75F
95F
95F DB
78F DB
55F
35F
COOLER
45F
HEAT GATHERING
(LOW TEMPERATURE)
REFRIGERATION
MACHINE
(REFRIGERATION CYCLE)
Compressor
This
Condenser
Condenser
the system
Can be water or air cooled, however most are
air cooled in retail application
Located outdoors (air cooled)
Fins on coil are subject to corrosion in salt water
environment. Special coatings can be applied.
Fins are subject to damage from hail
Traps dirt and requires periodic cleanings
Evaporator Coil
Provides
of:
Blower motor
Pulleys and fan belts
Bearings
Fan shaft
Fan wheels
Housings
Can be located indoors or outdoors
Control Types
CONVENTIONAL
THERMOSTAT
DIGITAL PROGRAMMABLE THERMOSTAT
PNEUMATIC
LCD SYSTEM
MALL INTERFACE
ambient controls
May be added to air cooled systems
that must operate when outdoor
temperatures are below 55 degrees
Cycles condenser fan/s to maintain
correct system pressures
Used when economizer is not present
Much less costly to install
Much more costly to operate
Conventional Thermostat
Completely
manual operation
Will maintain a single heat or cool setting
System must be switched from heat to cool
No energy savings
Will allow system to operate all night while
store is closed wasting energy
Easy to tamper with
Least expensive to install
Programmable Thermostat
Provides
auto
changeover from
heat to cool
Provides up to 4
heat/cool settings
per 24 hour period
Can provide
different weekend
settings
Keyboard can be
locked out
Set it and forget it
Pneumatic Thermostat
Uses
LCD Thermostat
Used
in newer stores
Programmable type
Can be dialed into by monitoring
company for data
Rules Of Thumb
1HP = 1KW = 1KVA