Serapan

KALIUM
Ion K+

Sifat-sifatnya :
1. Mobilitas sangat tinggi
2. Dalam floem 80% dari total kation
3. Dalam kloroplas 20 200 mM
4. Berperan dalam potensial osmotikl dari sel dan
jaringan
5. Dalam vakuola
K pembesaran sel
K proses yang diatur oleh turgor
6. Pembawa muatan

POTASSIUM IN PLANT
Its uptake is selective,
Mobility in plants is high at all levels (individual cell,
tissue, long distance transport via xylem and phloem.
Its salts make contribution to:
. osmotic potential of cell and tissue.
K can be found in : cytoplasm, cloroplast and vacuola.
K in cytoplasm and cloroplas are required in
neutralizing the soluble ( organic acid anion and
anorganic anion)and soluble macromoleculer anion
.Stabilize pH between 7 - 8 for enzyme reaction.

K in vacuola related to its function on :

cell extension
turgor regulated process.
K in citoplasm and cloroplast olso contribute to osmotic
pressure
K is not compete for binding site requiring divalent cation.
K is required for :
enzym activation
membranne transport process.
Several other univalent can partially replase K, but NH4
can toxic at high concentration, Rb+ not abundant in
nature.

FUNGSI K DALAM TANAMAN

1. Aktifasi Enzym
K

Mengubah konformasi enzymprotein

Aktifasi enzym
- Laju reaksi katalitik
- Affinitas terhadap substrat

Contoh :
<<< K

Enzym piruvat kinase

6-fosfo frukto kinase
Metabolisme karbohidrat

Tan - K

Akumulasi karbohidrat larut

Contoh Enzym dalam metabolisme karbohidrat

Pyruvat kinase
6 fosfo fruktokinase
ADP glucosa starch synthsase

Glukosa

GLIKOLISIS

Pyruvat

Lactat

Glucosa - 6 - fosfat
ATP
ADP

Fosfo frukto
kinase

Pyruvat
kinase
Fosfoenol pyruvat

Fruktosa 6 fosfat
2-fosfogiserat
Gliceraldehide 3 fosfat
3-fosfogiserat
+ dihidroksi aseton fosfat
63P

3-fosfogiserat fosfat

K+

ADP Glucose + Starch

ADP + glocosyl - starch

Enzym activity mol

ADP/mg protein

Aktif jika ada K+.

(50 100 mM K+)
Enzim dalam pembentukan pati
1.6

K+

0.8

NH4+

Na+
0
Kons. Kation (mM)

Pengaruh kat univalent

ADP glucosa starch syntase

Aktifasi membrane univalent

K<<<

Bound ATP ase

Membrane bound ATP ase

Serapan hara

2. Sintesa Protein
K

Tan K <<

Mempengaruhi
Proses translasi
Pengikatan t RNA ke ribosoma
Sintesa enzym RuBP carboxylase
Sintesa unzym nitrat reduktase
Akumulasi senyawa N larut
(as amino, amida, nitrat)

Pengaruh K thd penggabungan Lencine

Kedalam RuBp Carboxylase dalam daun
Media inkubasi
(mM KNO3)

Penggab. Leucine
(dpm/mg RuBp (ar x 24 hour)

0.001
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00

99
167
220
526
526

Control K Cukup

656

FOTOSINTESIS

Cahaya

H
Thy
Lakoid

Mg
pH < 5.5

pH
NADPH

NADP

ATP

ADP + Pi
CO2

Stroma

Calvin

Siklus Calvin
Penangkapan CO2
Aktif optimum jika pH alkali
Mengapa tan K

Fotosintesa rendah

Mekanismenya :
K mempengaruhi
Sintesa /aktif RuBP karboksitase (dlm siklus calvin)
pH stroma agar tetap basa
1. Cahaya
Diimbangi K+

masuk

H masuk thylakoid
Stroma neg

2. Keluarnya H dari stroma harus diimbangi dengan

masuknya K agar pH stroma tetap tinggi

Hub. K daun, CO2, Aktif

RuBP Carbox
K daun

Ketahanan
Stomata

Foto
sintesis

Aktif
RuBP

Foto
respirasi

Resp
Gelap

12.8
19.8
38.4

9.3
6.8
5.9

11.9
21.7
34

1.8
4.5
6.1

4.0
5.9
9.0

7.6
5.3
3.1

4. Osmoregulasi
1. Cell extension
2. Stomatal movement
3. Nystinastic and seismonastic mov

Cell Extension
1. Pembentukan vakuola
2. Peningkatan perluasan dinding sel
3. Akumulasi solut
Pot osmotik
terbentuk

Mekanismenya : H2O
K+

pH Sitoplasma stabil
Pot osmotik vakuola
Sel membesar

Pengaruh K dan GA pada daun buncis

K <<<,

- Turgor, Ukuran sel dan

Luas area daun
OSMOREGULASI

Potensial osmotik dalam sel akar yang tinggi

diperlukan
Transport solut dalam xylem
Keseimbangan air dalam tanaman

1. Cell extension

Vacuola
K

+K

Gula reduksi,
sucrosa
Anion as
organik

+ H2O

Cytoplasma
Cell extension
Terjadi karena

Akumulasi K+ dalam sel

mempengaruhi

Stabilisasi pH dalam sitoplasma

Meningkatkan pot osmosic
dalam vacuola

Pembukaan stomata

MEKANISME PEMBUKAAN STOMATA

ABA

+
H
Pompa
proton
+
H

K+

H2O
influx
PC Inaktif
pH < 7
PC aktif
(pH 8-9)

Vakuola

K+
PATI

DEP
CO2 + H2O

OAA

MALAT

Pi NADPH

NADP

Sitosol

[MALAT]
TEKOSMOSIS

Pompa Proton +
-

[H]

pH

PC aktif

[H+]

pH

PC tidak aktif

buka
tutup

K+
ABA

H+ Tidak terpompa, pH <

[malat]

b. Pergerakan stomata
c. Pergerakan nyctinastic dan seismonastic
K kunci pergerakan yang diatur turgor
Cth Albizia
daun membuka siang

daun menutup malan

K perubahan turgor pada pulvini (organ motor)

mimosa K didistribusi kembali dalam pulvini

PHLOEM TRANSPORT
Teori
[ K ] yang tinggi dalam jar pembuluh berhub
dengan mekanisme pemindahan sucrose
dalam floem

transport sukrosa dibarengi K

K dalam jar pembuluh tek osmotik total dan laju aliran
fotosintat dari sumber ke lumbung
Tan legum , K >>>, gula dlm nodul akar >>>
- laju fiksasi N
- eksport N yang terikat
Tan, K >>>

proporsi fotosintan yang ditransport

dari daun ke jar penyimpanan
lebih tinggi

Tan,- K

laju eksport fotosintat rendah meliputi :

- kebut gula dlm osmoregulasi daun >
- laju sintesa sukrose rendah
- laju transport dlm floem rendah
- laju aliran sucrosa dlm jar pemblh rendah
- transport sucrosa menyeberangi tonoplas
kecil

6. KESETIMBANGAN KATION - ANION

K

kation yang dominan u/ menjaga kesetimbangan

- anion immobil dalam sitoplasma
- anion mobil dalam vakuola, xylem dan phloem

METABOLISME NITRAT
HNO 2
NO 3

COOH
HCO 3
floem

Xylem
K+

HCOH

Daun
malat

CH 2
COO

NO 3
HCO 3

Piruvat akar

Suplai K, Pertumb, Komposisi Tanaman

K opt pertumb
-K

2 5 % berat kering bag veg,

buah dan umbi

pertumbuhan terhambat
batang klorosis & nekrosis lanjut
rebah pembtk lignin terganggu
turgor hilang
laju jika suplai air terbatas

Tan - K << toleransi thdp kekeringan rendah

1. K stomata
2. K sebagai solute osmotik utama dalam vakuola
yang menjaga level air yang tinggi kering
Tan + K >>> protein >>>
Tan K rentan terhadap penyakit
aktivasi enzim nutrisi / kualitas hasil
Perubahan

senyawa org yg terbentuk

TERIMA KASIH

Stomatal Mechanics
As certain conditions prevail, K+ is lost by
passive diffusion and H2O is lost by
osmosis, causing the cells to become
less turgid and close
Stomatal opening and closing depends
on the cells ability to monitor internal
metabolic requirements
Low [CO2] results in stomatal opening
Light intensity can also regulate
opening/closing of stomata

Stomata

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Leaf and stem epidermis has a
waxy cuticle that is impermeable to
water, but also to CO2.
Stomata, or pores, in the epidermis
allow CO2 to enter by diffusion.
Guard cells control the opening
and closing of the stomata.
Most plants open their stomata only
when the light is intense enough to
maintain photosynthesis.
Stomata also close if too much
water is being lost.

Potassium is essential for controlling

plant cell size

K:

Most abundant cation

Supplied as potash: K2CO3

High solubility, leaches from porous soils

Biochemical functions:

Enzyme cofactor - activates enzymes of

photosynthesis and respiration (pyruvate
kinase in glycolysis)
An osmoregulator in vivo controls cell size

e.g., guard cell H2O uptake controls stomata

size
Balances charge of anions like Cl-

Mobile - often leaves show deficiency first

Symptoms- chlorosis, necrosis, lodging of
stems

Rost et al. Plant

biology, 2nd edn

We will focus on
the central role
of nitrogen in
metabolism in
the next
lecture

2.2 Stomata:
structure and
function
Antagonism
between guard
cell and epidermal
turgor
Ultrastructural
modifications

2.3 Ion fluxes and

exchange
Dont mention the
starch -sugar
hypothesis, I used to
counsel
Just remember the
primary active H+
transport coupled to
secondary ion transport
processes of K+ and Cl Add in a twist of
malate2-, synthesised
via PEP carboxylase
So starch degradation
in the light is not used
osmotically to increase
turgor.(I said).

. and see the fantastic profiles of

ions which exchange across guard
cell, companion cell and epidermis:

Ion channels
Of course, there are two
membranes to consider
And driving forces will
differ, with the elegant
work of Enid MacRobbie
first to show how the two
are co-ordinated using
tracer efflux experiments

 the plasmamembrane is hyperpolarised by the H + pump,

driving the influx of other transporters
There are up to 4 inward K+ channels
Sucrose co-transport and Cl- channels osmotic accumulation
Outward K+ channels and anion channels allow passive ion
efflux, provided that some process has initially depolarised
cells by activating anion efflux
Responses to the environment (water deficit, cold, oxidative
stress) mediated by calcium
ABA is detected by an (as yet) unidentified receptor which
induces an increase in intracellular Ca2+, which is either
imported or released from intracellular stores;
Slow and /or fast responding anion channels open,
depolarising cell and activating IK+out channels;
90% of ions must first leave the vacuole, and Ca 2+ stimulates
VK channels and release of K+, although FV channels can
mediate K+ release in response to cytosolic pH changes

Ion channel
functions
(from
Schroeder et al
2001)

ABA also inhibits ion uptake, and elevated Ca2+ inhibits the
ATPase and K uptake channels;
Calcium is the key to various signalling pathways which
control ion fluxes and trugor generation and loss

Physiology of Stomatal
Mechanics
Stomata open in response to active
transport of K+ ions from surrounding tissues
Accumulation of K+ within guard cells results
in a negative water potential
H2O enters tissues by osmosis, making the
guard cells more rigid and creating the opening
between the two cells

Cl- ion movement is also important

Figure 36.11 Stomata (Part 2)

Stomatal aperture is regulated by controlling K+

concentrations in the guard cells.
Blue light activates a proton pump to actively
pump protons out of the guard cells. The proton
gradient drives accumulation of K+ inside the
cells.
Increasing K+ concentration makes the water
potential of guard cells more negative, and water
enters by osmosis.
The guard cells respond by changing their shape
and allowing a gap to form between them.
Abscisic acid (a stress hormone) can invoke this
stomatal closure in addition to blue light
Changes in guard-cell photosynthesis can also
invoke this stomatal response

Conceptual understanding of stomatal function

Optimization theory (Cowan 1977) stomata
work to optimize or maximize water exchanges
for carbon dioxide
Long-distance transport hypothesis Tyree and
Sperry stomata regulate water loss to maintain
long-distance water and nutrient transport
Operate to avoid of catastrophic xylem dysfunction
(cavitation), that occurs through the development of
excessive tension.