Chapter 4

Overview of Multiple
Access Technique

Introduction

Multiple access scheme are used to allow many

user to share simultaneously the finite radio
spectrum
Sharing of spectrum is required to increase the
capacity
Duplexing is a technique in which one can
simultaneously talk and listen.
Types of duplexing
FDD
TDD
2

Frequency Division
Duplexing (FDD)

FDD provids 2 distinct bands of frquencies for every user

Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency are
different
Forward band provides traffic from BS to mobile
Reverse band provides traffic from mobile to BS
In each link, signals are continuously transmitted in
parallel.
In FDD any duplex channel consist of 2 simplex channel
Duplexer is used to provide simultaneous bidirectional
transmission and reception

Forward link (F1)

Reverse link (F2)

Mobile Station

Base Station

Example of FDD systems

Mobile Station

Transmitter

Receiver

Base Station

BPF

BPF

F1

F2

BPF

BPF

F2

F1

Transmitter

Receiver

BPF: Band Pass Filter

4

Time Division Duplex

(TDD)

TDD uses time instead of frequency to provide both a

forward and reverse link
TDD system are digital and uses only one carrier to
transmit and receive information
Multiple users shares the single radio channel by
taking turns in time domain;Individual users are
allowed to access the channel in assigned time slot
Here each duplex channel has both forward and
reverse time slots to facilitate bi-directional
communication
If the time separation between forward and reverse
time slot is small then transmission and reception of
data appears at same time to user

Forward link (F1)

Reverse link (F1)

Mobile Station

Base Station
5

TDD is used when there is one chunk of

spectrum
In cellular system, there are 2 chunks
(25MHz)
In each cellular channel, BS & MS transmit
freq are 45MHz apart( no interference)
In TDD there is no separation betwn freq but
there is separation in time interval
TDD is used in cordless phones
6

824 825

835

845

30khz

30khz

1 MHz
33 chan

849

B band

B band
10 MHz
333 channels

A band

A band

A band
10 MHz
333 channels

846.5

1.5 MHz 2.5 MHz

50 chan 83 chan
20 MHz Guard

Base Transmit
869 870

890
B band
10 MHz
333 channels

30khz

30khz

B band

A band
10 MHz
333 channels

891.5 894
A band

A band

1 MHz
33 chan

880

1.5 MHz 2.5 MHz

50 chan 83 chan

2 frequencies in channel1 are 825.03(mobile transmit) &

870.030Mhz(base)
7

Example of TDD Systems

Mobile Station

Base Station

Transmitter

Receiver

Transmitter
BPF

BPF

F1

F1

Receiver

Synchronous Switches
BPF: Band Pass Filter
8

Trade off between FDD &

TDD

FDD allocates individual freq to each

user hence transceiver can
simultaneously transmit and receive
radio signal
TDD enables the transceiver to
operate as transmitter or receiver
hence it eliminates forward and
reverse freq band
9

Introduction to multiple
access

3 major access techniques

FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Depending upon how the available BW is
allocated to the user:
-Narrowband
-Wide band system
10

f2

Fre
qu
en
cy

FDMA overview

f1

f0

Time

11

FDMA

FDMA assigns individual

channel to individual user.
Each user is allocated with
unique freq band
These channels are assigned
on demand to users who
request the service
During the period of call no
other user can share the
same channel

power

FDMA

ti m

ncy
e
u
q
fre

12

Features of FDMA

If an FDMA channel is not in use, then it sits idle and cannot

be used by other user to increase the capacity( waste of
resources)
After assignment of voice channel, BS & mobile transmit
simultaneously
Symbol time of narrowband signal is larger (Ts> Td) than
delay spread, hence ISI is less (no need of Equalization)
FDMA is continuous transmission scheme, hence fewer bits
are needed for overhead purpose
FDMA mobile unit uses duplexer hence both the transmitter
and receiver operated at same time
FDMA requires tight RF filtering to reduce adjacent channel
interference
FDMA mobile system are less complex
13

FDM Telephone

Group formation
12 adjacent 4kHz cannel occupying
freq range 60- 108 kHz

12 11 10 9 8
1
60

(kHz)

5 4 3

2
108

14

Block of CTE
300-3400Hz
Amplifier
300-3400Hz

BM

LSB
filter

104.6-107.7khz

Basic group
o/p

108khz
CO
ADDER

Amplifier

LSB
filter

BM
104khz
CO

Amplifier
12
300-3400Hz

BM

100.6-103.7khz

.
.
.
LSB
filter

Crystal
oscillator
60.6-63.7khz

64khz
CO

15

Number of channels that can be

simultaneously supported in FDMA
system is
N= (Bt-2Bguard)/Bc
Bt total spectrum
Bguard guard band BW
Bc coherence BW

16

Problem

If US AMPS cellular operator is

allocated 12.5MHz for each simplex
band and if Bt is 12.5 MHz, Bguard
is 10 KHz, and coherence BW is 30
kHz find the number of channels
available
Solution
N=416
17

TDMA

TDMA system divides the

spectrum into time slots
and in each slot is assigned
to a particular user to
transmit or receive.
TDMA system transmit
data in buffered and burst
mode , thus transmission
for any user is noncontinuous

TDMA

ti m

ncy
e
u
q
fre

18

Each frame is made up of

Preamble, information and trail bits
Preamble contains address ,
synchronization information that
both the BS and MS uses it to
identify each other
In TDMA/TDD half of the
information time slots are used for
forward link and half for reverese
link channel
In TDMA/FDD similar frame
structure is used but forward and
reverse link will have different
carrier freq

19

TDMA in telephone
24 channel system having 8000
samples/s
8 bits per sample
Pulse width=0.625us
Sampling interval is 1/8000= 125us
Period req for each pulse group is =
8 x 0.625=5us

20

Types of TDM

Slow speed TDM

High speed TDM

21

High speed TDM

1
5us

Sampling ckt
1
Sampling ckt

Master clk

10us
5us
5us

Adder
15us
.

Sampling ckt 10us

.
.
Sampling ckt
24

115us

5us

115us

Mono stable
MV

24
22

Features of TDMA

TDMA shares single carrier freq with several

users
Data transmission for user is non-continuous,
but occurs in burst (low power consumption)
Because of discontinuous transmission,
handoff process is simple for mobile unit since
it is able to listen for other BS during idle time
slot
TDMA uses different time slots for transmission
and reception thus duplexer are not required
23

Number of channels in
TDMA system
No of TDMA channels
slots that can be
Bg
provided is found by
multiplying the no of
TDMA slots per channel
by number of channels
available
N=m (Bt-2Bg)/Bc
m max. no. of TDMA
users supported on each
channel

Bg
Bt

24

Problem 1
Consider GSM which is a TDMA/FDD system that
uses 25 MHz for forward link ,which is broken into
radio channel of 200kHz.If 8 speech channels are
supported on single radio channel and if no guard
band is assumed ,find the number of
simultaneous user that can accommodate in GSM
Soln
The number of simultaneous user that can be
accommodate in GSM is
N= 8 (25 MHz)/ 200 kHz = 1000

25

Problem 2
If GSM uses frame structure where each frame consists
of 8 time slots and each time slot contains 156.25 bits,
and data is transmitted at 270.833 kbps in the channel
find a) time duration of bit b)time duration of slot
c)time duration of frame d)how long must the user
occupying a single time slot wait between two
successive transmissions
Soln
a) Time duration Tb=1/270.833 kbps=3.692 us
b)Tslot=156.25XTb= 0.577 ms
c)time duration of frame Tf= 8X Tslot=4.615 ms
d) a user has to wait 4.615 ms ,arrival time of new frame
for its next transmission

26

27

CDMA (code division multiple

Access)
Narrowband message signal is multiplied with
very large BW signal called spreading signal
spreading signal is pseudo-random code seq
that has chip rate > than data rate of message
All user use same carrier freq and transmit
simultaneously
Each user has his own codeword which is
orthogonal to other code words
If power of each user within a cell is not
controlled at BS this will result in near far
problem
To overcome NFP, power control technique is
used
ti m

CDM
A

ncy
e
28
u
q
fre

Features of CDMA

Many user shares the same freq

CDMA has soft capacity limit
-system performance degrades as no of users
increases
CDMA suffers from Self jamming :
Self jamming arises if spreading seq of different
user are not orthogonal
Suffers from near far problem
CDMA supports soft handoff
Multipath fading is reduced
-RAKE receiver

29

Fading
Fading in
in CDMA
CDMA System
System
In CDMA system, multi-path propagation improves
the signal quality by use of RAKE receiver.
Less fluctuation of detected
power, because of adding all
energy .
Detected Power

path-2

Power

path-1

Time

RAKE
receiver
Power

Power

path-3

multipath
propaga
tion
Base Station (BS)

path-1
path-2
path-3
path-2

Path Delay

path1
path-3 Mobile Station (MS)

30

Advantages of CDMA

Higher capacity
Soft-handoffs
Less power consumption (6-7
mW)
security level is high

31

Drawbacks of CDMA
Self-jamming
Near-far problem :
signals closer to the receiver are received
with less attenuation than signals farther
away
Soft handoff
Requires that the mobile acquires the new
cell before it breaks the old; this is more
complex than hard handoff used in FDMA
and TDMA schemes
32

Spread
Spread Spectrum
Spectrum
Technology
Technology

33

Spread spectrum
All the modulation technique discussed so
far are power efficient and BW efficient
Spread spectrum technique involves the
spreading the BW needed to transmit
data
-SS helps to increase the no of users Adv. Of
-to reduce narrowband interference SS

34

Spread spectrum
technology

Problem of radio transmission:

suffers from narrowband interference
Solution:
spread the narrow band signal into a broad band
signal using a special code

35

Effects of spreading on
interference
Advantage of SS is resistance to narrow band interference

Step 1: narrow band signal from sender

Step 2: Sender spreads the signal (narrowband broadband)
energy needed to transmit the signal is same but its now spread
over large freq range( low power level)
Step 3: During transmission narrowband and broad band interference add
to signal
Step 4: Receiver than despreads the signal
Step 5: receiver than cuts the freq left and right of narrowband signal usin
BPF

36

Types of SSMA

Direct Sequence multiple Access (DS or

DSSS)
Frequency Hopping multiple Access
(FHSS)

37

Direct Sequence Spread

Spectrum (DSSS)

DSSS takes user data and performs

XOR with chipping
sequence(0110101)
tb User bit duration and tc chip
duration
Spreading factor S=tb/tc determines
the BW of resulting signal (S*W after
spreading)
w original signal BW

(pseudorandom noise

Advantages
Reduces narrowband interference
In cellular networks it supports soft
handover

Disadvantages
precise power control necessary

Fig: spreading with DSSS

38

Pseudo-Noise (PN)
sequences

PN seq is generated using sequential logic

PN is binary sequence that resembles over a
period
When XOR is used in feedback logic it is called
linear PN seq generator
For each channel the base station generates a
unique code. The base station adds together all
the coded transmissions for every subscriber..

39

DSSS (Direct Sequence

Spread Spectrum)
BPSK

PN code
generator

Oscillator
fc

40

Receiver
Processing gain PG=Ts/Tc=Rc/Rs
There are two major benefits from high PG
Interferencerejection:theabilityofthesystem
torejectinterferenceisdirectlyPG
Systemcapacity:capacityofthesystemPG

Oscillator
fc

PN code
generator

Bit
syncronisation
41

What should be the good code for CDMA?

-Code should have good auto correlation
-Should be orthogonal to other codes
Orthogonal means , for eg
system of coordinate (0,0,0)
As in the case of 2 vector (2,5,0)(0,0,17)=0
If inner product is not 0 than vectors are
non orthogonal

42

Example of CDMA
2 sender A &B wants to send data ,CDMA assumes following key
seq Ak=010011, key Bk=110101.
suppose sender A wants to send bit Ad=1,and B sends Bd=0
To illustrate this eg we code binary 0 as -1, 1+1

Both sender spreads their key as chipping seq, a sender A send

As=Ad*Ak=+1(-1,+1,-1,-1,+1,+1)= (-1,+1,-1,-1,+1,+1)
sender B sends Bs=Bd*Bk=(-1,-1,+1,-1,+1,-1)

Both the signal are than transmitted at same time using same freq

The signal received at the receiver is C=As+Bs=(-2,0,0,-2,+2,0)

The receiver now wants to receive data frm A and therefore it

tunes it to code of A ,depsreading :C*Ak=(-2,0,0,-2,+2,0)* (-1,+1,1,-1,+1,+1)
=2+0+0+2+2+0=6
This is larger than 0, receiver detects as binary 1

Tuning in to sender B, despreding :C*Bk= (-2,0,0,-2,+2,0)* (+1,+1,1,+1,-1,+1)=-2+0+0-2-2+0=-6, thus 0 has been detected

43

Data
key A
Ak
Data+
key

0 1

0 1

1 0

0
1

0 0

1 0

1 0

0 1 0

1
0

1 0
0 1

Signal As
Fig: coding and spreading of data from sender A

44

Signal As
Data

Key B
Data+key
+
Signal Bs

0
1

0
1

0
1

1
0

1
0

0
1

1
1

0
0

1 0
1 0

0 0 0
0 0 0

1
1

0
0

1
1

1
1

C=As+Bs

Fig: coding and spreading of data from sender B

45

Reconstruction of A data
Data A
As+Bs

Ak

(As+Bs)*Ak

Intergrator o/p

46

FHSS (Frequency Hopping

Spread Spectrum)

In FHSS total available BW is split into

many channels of smaller BW+Guard
band
Transmitter and receiver stays on one of
these channels for certain time then hops
to another channel
This system involves FDM & TDM
Dwell time:
The time spend on one channel
Fast Hopping:
Transmitter changes the freq several
times during a bit period
-If the td is < than tb than fast hopping
Slow Hopping:
In slow hopping the transmiter uses one
freq for several bit periods
-If the td is >than tb than slow hopping

47

FHSS transmitter

1st step is modulation of user

Data by either using FSK or
BPSk
This result in narrowband signal
If FSK is used 0f0, 1f1
2nd step is freq hopping is
performed based on Hopping
sequence
Hopping seq is fed to freq
synthesizer and it generates
freq fi
2nd modulation uses modulated
narrowband signal and carrier
freq to generate new spread
signal with freq of fi+f0 for 0
&fi+f1 for 1

fc

48

FHSS receiver

dd

49

DSSS vs FHSS

Compared to DSSS, spreading is simpler using

FHSS systems. FHSS systems only use a
portion of the total band at any time, while
DSSS systems always use the total bandwidth
available. DSSS systems on the other hand are
more resistant to fading and multi-path
effects. DSSS signals are much harder to
detect without knowing the spreading code,
detection is virtually impossible.

50

OFDM( Orthogonal
Frequency Division
Multiplexing)

OFDM is a technique in which the spectrum is divided

into a number of equally spaced tones and carries a
portion of a user's information on each tone(carrier)

OFDM is multi-carrier modulation scheme

Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional

modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude
modulation) at a low symbol rate

Each tone or sub carrier are orthogonal to each other

because they are orthogonal, they do not interfere
with
each other.

Sub carriers are spaced by 1/Ts and has

Sine spectra
FDM requires guard bands between the frequencies
OFDM allows the spectrum of each tone to overlap.
Total spectrum required is reduced
51

example

If a 100-tone system is used, a single

data stream with a rate of 1 megabit
per second (Mbps) would be converted
into 100 streams of 10 kilobits per
second (kbps).

52

Benefits OFDM

High spectrum efficiency

Mitigation against ISI
In a single carrier system, a single fade or interfere can cause the entire link to fail,
but in a multicarrier system it preserves the link

Disadvantages
OFDM requires very accurate frequency synchronization in the receiver;
Any inaccuracy means that the sub-carriers no longer appear orthogonal, resulting in
severely degraded performance.

53

OFDM Applications

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11a

Wireless networking

54