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DRILLING ENGINEERING
Drilling Hydraulics
Drilling Hydraulics
Energy Balance
Flow Through Nozzles
Hydraulic Horsepower
Hydraulic Impact Force
Rheological Models
Optimum Bit Hydraulics
Conservation of momentum
Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power Law
API Power-Law
Equations of State
Incompressible fluid
Slightly compressible fluid
Ideal gas
Real gas
q
v
2.448 d 2
Annular Flow
q
v
2
2
2.448 d 2 d1
WHERE
or borehole, in.
E 2 E1 p2V2
p1V1
1 2
2
g D2 D1
v 2 v1
2
W Q
In the wellbore, in many cases
Q = 0 (heat)
= constant
p2 p1 0.052
8.074 *10
where
D2 D1
2
2
2
1
p f
p1 and p2
are pressures in psi
is density in lbm/gal.
v1 and v2
are velocities in ft/sec.
pp
is pressure added by pump
between points 1 and 2 in psi
pf
is frictional pressure loss in psi
D1 and D2 are depths in ft.
D2
400 gal/min.
12 lbm/gal.
10,000 ft.
D1
(mud pits)
v2
2
2.448 d
(gal/min)
2
(in )
400
v2
26 .14 ft/sec
2
2.448 * (2.5)
p 2 p1 0.052 (D2 D1 )
8.074 * 10 - 4 ( v 22 v 12 ) Pp Pf
p 2 0 0.052 * 12 (10,000 - 0)
- 8.074 * 10 - 4 * 12 (26.14 2 0 2 ) 3,000 1,400
0 6,240 6.6 3,000 1,400
p2 p1 0.052 ( D2 D1 )
8.074 *10
-4
(v v ) Pp Pf
2
2
2
1
D 2 D1
Pp 0
v1
v 2 vn
Pf 0
4
p 2 p1 8.074 * 10 v
and
vn
2
n
p
8.074 * 10 4
If
Pf 0
vn c d
p
8.074 * 10 4
c d 0.95
vn 0.95
1,000
305 ft/sec
4
8.074 * 10 * 12
//
even if the
dn varies!
This follows since
each nozzle.
vn c d
p
8.074 * 10 4
&
q
vn
3.117 A t
8.311 * 10 q
-5
p bit
C2d A 2t
Hydraulic Horsepower
HHP of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?
Power
q
A
PH qp
In field units:
qp
HHP
1714
400 * 3,000
700hp
1714
CD 0.95
q 400 gal/min
12 lb/gal
p n 1,169 psi
q vn
mv m
Fj
v
t
32.17 * 60
t
CD 0.95
Fj 0.01823 c d q p
q 400 gal/min
12 lb/gal
p n 1,169 psi
Experimentally ,
F
V
A
L
Shear stress = viscosity * shear rate
F
V
A
L
i.e.,
dyne
1
2
cm
sec
dyne sec
cm 2
dyne - s
g
1 poise 1
1
2
cm
cm s
1 centipoise 0.01 poise
Slope of line
Example 4.16
Example 4.16
-1
shear rate V / L
10/1 sec
5
dyne s
0.5
0.5 poise
2
10
cm
50 cp
p y
if y
if - y y
p y
if - y
Power-Law Model
Power-Law Model
n 1
if 0
if 0
Rheological Models
1. Newtonian Fluid:
shear stress
absolute viscosity
shear rate
y ( p ) *
What if y
y yield point
p plastic viscosity
Rheological Models
3. Power Law Fluid:
K ( )
K = consistency index
n = flow behavior index
Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)
Fig 4.34:
( varies)
HYD
Types of Flow
Laminar Flow
Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow
Types of flow
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow
N Re
vd
In field
units,
N Re
928 v d
N Re
928 v d
d pipe I.D., in
viscosity of fluid, cp.
We often assume that fluid flow is
turbulent if Nre > 2,100
Q = 280 gal/min
= 12.5 lb/gal
PPUMP = PDP + PDC
+ PBIT NOZZLES
+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN
+ PHYD
PPUMP
"Friction" Pressures
2,500
DRILLPIPE
2103
2,000
1,500
DRILL COLLARS
1,000
BIT NOZZLES
500
ANNULUS
0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
i.e.
v n Cd
Pb
4
8.074 *10
v n Pb
ppump p d pbit
p bit p pump p d
where p d may be called the parasitic pressure
loss in the system (friction).
p d p s p dp p dc p dca p dpa cq
1.75
p d cq
where 0 m 2
p bit p pump p d
PHbit
p d cq
pbit q p pump q cq
1714
1714
dPHbit
0 when
dq
m 1
1
i.e., when p d
p pump
m 1
PHbit is maximum when
pd
p pump
m 1
F j 0.01823 cd q pbit
0.01823 c d q (p pump pd )
F j 0.01823 c d q (p pump pd )
But parasitic pressure drop,
pd cq
F j 0.01823 cd
p p q cd q
2
m2
2
p d
p p
m2