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DC Motors
Separately Excited Motors
Field and armature windings are either connected
separately.
Shunt Motors
Field and armature windings are connected in parallel.
Series Motors
Field and armature windings are connected in series.
Compound Motors
Has both shunt and series field so it combines features
of series and shunt motors.
Comparisons of DC Motors
Shunt Motors: Constant speed motor (speed regulation is very
good). Adjustable speed, medium starting torque.
Applications: centrifugal pump, machine tools, blowers fans,
reciprocating pumps, etc.
Series Motors: Variable speed motor which changes speed drastically
from one load condition to another. It has a high starting torque.
Applications: hoists, electric trains, conveyors, elevators, electric
cars.
Compound motors: Variable speed motors. It has a high starting
torque and the no-load speed is controllable unlike in series motors.
Applications: Rolling mills, sudden temporary loads, heavy machine
tools, punches, etc
Shunt Motor
The armature circuit and the shunt field circuit are connected across
a dc source of fixed voltage Vt Rfc in the field circuit is used to
control the motor speed by varying if.
= If(Rfc + Rfw)
depend on machine
size
Range shown for
machine 1 to 100 kW
T characteristics
Example 11
Q.
a.
b.
c.
i)
ii)
Consider the air gap flux remains the same ( no armature reaction) at that at
no load
Consider the air gap flux reduces by 5 % when the rated current flow in the
armature due to the armature reaction
Cont. Example
99.4
0.99
DC Speed Control
Can be achieved by
Armature Voltage Control, Vt
Field resistance control,
Armature resistance Control, Ra
Speed increases as Vt increases, Ra
increases and field flux decreases
Torque
Torque
TL = K
TL = Cm2
Speed
Speed
T=1
T=0
No load
speed
Vt increasing
Vt1
T=2
Full load
speed
Vt2
Vt3
Vt4
T
Armature Voltage control-
Vt
Field Control
m
Flux decreasing
Rfc max
if1
Vt
(R a R ae )
T
2
Ka
(K a )
if2
if3
Rfc=0
where i f
if4
T
Field Control
Ra increasing
Rae=0
No load
speed
Raemax
Resistance control
TL
rated
Vt
(R a R ae )
T
2
Ka
(K a )
T
Example 12
Series Motor
T characteristics
Example 13
Motor Starter
If a DC motor directly connected to a DC supply, the
starting current will be dangerously high
Vt E a
Ia
Ra
Ea K a 0 at start; I a
Vt
Ra
Vt E a
Ia
R a R ae
Motor Starter
Ea speed (). As
speed increases Rae
can be gradually
taken out without the
current exceed a
limit ( starter box).
Initially at position 1,
as the speed
increases, the
starter move to
position 2,3,4and 5,
Example 13.1
A 10 kW , 100 V , 1000 rpm dc machine has Ra=0.1
ohm and is connected to a 100 V dc supply.
a)Determine the starting current if no starting
resistance is used in the armature circuit
b)Determine the value of the starting resistance if
the starting current is limited to twice the rated
current
c)This dc machine is to run as a motor, using starter
box. Determine the values of resistance required in
the starter box such that the armature current Ia is
constraint within 100% to 200% of its rated value
during start-up.
Sol_pg21
Example 14
A permanent magnet DC motor has Ra = 1.03 .
When operated at no-load from a DC source of 50
V, its operates at 2100 rpm and draw a current of
1.25 A. Find:
i. The torque constant, Km
ii. The no-load rotational losses
iii. The armature current and the motor power
output when it is operating at 1700 rpm from a 48 V
source
Fgrt; pg 389: 0.22 V/(rad/sec), 61 W, 8.54A, 274 W
Sol_pg23
Speed Control
Numerous applications require control of speed, as in
rolling mills, cranes, hoists, elevators, machine tools,
and locomotive drives.
DC motors are extensively used in many of these
applications.
Control of dc motors speed below and above the base
(rated) speed can easily be achieved.
The methods of control are simpler and less expensive
than ac motors.
Classis way used Ward-Leonard System, latest used
solid-state converters.
Ward-Leonard System
In the classical method, a Ward-Leonard system(1890s) with
rotating machines is used for speed control of dc motors. The
system uses the motor-generator set ( M-G set) control the
speed of a DC motor. Normally AC motor runs at constant speed
is used as prime mover.
The system is operated in two control methods:
Vt Control; In the armature voltage control mode, the motor
current Ifm is kept constant at its rated value. The generator
field current Ifg is changed such that Vt changes from zero to its
rated.
If Control; The field current control mode is used to obtain
speed above the base speed. In this mode, the armature
voltage Vt remains constant and the motor field current I fm is
decreased to obtain higher speeds .
Prime mover
Ward-Leonard System
Constant
Constant
Torque Region
Power Region
Solid-State Control
In recent years, solid state converters have been used
(replace motor- generator set) to control the speed of
dc motors.
The converter used are controlled rectifiers or choppers:
Controlled Rectifiers
If the supply is ac, controlled rectifiers can be used to
convert a fixed ac supply voltage into variable-voltage
dc supply (using SCR). High ripple, slow response
Choppers
A solid state chopper converts a fixed-voltage dc supply
into a variable-voltage dc supply(Using controllable
swithes such as Power Mosfet, Power BJT, IGBT, GTO
etc).Low ripple, fast response
Controlled Rectifier
1-phase or 3-phase
2Vm
V
cos
t
Single phase rectifier
Vt
3Vml l
cos
Ia
Ta1
Ta3
+
vs
_
Ta4
Ra
+
Va
La
Ta2
E
g
ARMATURE
Lf
Tf3
Tf1
+
vs
_
Vf
Lf
Tf2
FIELD
Tf4
Chopper Control
Vt DVin
Ton
Vin
T
Closed-loop Operation
Open loop operation: If load torque changes,
the speed will change too not satisfactory.
May not be satisfactory in many applications
where a constant speed is required
Close loop operation: the speed can be
maintained constant by adjusting the motor
terminal voltage as the load torque changes.
(eg. Load torque increases, speed decreases, speed
Speed
demand
Voltage
control
Chopper or Control
rectifier
Speed
demand
Current/torque
demand
Example 15
The speed of a 10 hp, 220 V, 1200 rpm
separately excited DC motor is controlled by a
single-phase full-controlled converter. The rated
current is 40 A. Ra= 0.25 ohm, and La= 10mH.
The AC supply voltage is 265 V. Motor constant
is Ka=0.18 V/rpm. Assume the motor current is
constant and ripple free. For firing angle = 30
degree, determine:
(a) Speed of the motor
(b) Motor Torque
(c) Power to the motor.
Sol_pg34
Sen pg 191
Example: 2009/10
Question 3
(a)
(b)
A 500 V shunt motor takes a current of 21 A and runs at 400 rpm on full load. The
armature resistance and field resistance are 0.3 and 500 respectively. In order to
control the speed, an additional resistance is added in series in the armature circuit.
The flux remains constant in the machine.
(i)
Sketch the new schematic diagram with armature resistance motor speed control.
(ii)
Find the motor speed at full load when an additional resistance of 2 is added in
armature circuit.
(iii) Find the motor speed at double full-load with added resistance of Qb(ii).
(iv) Find the motor starting current with an additional resistance of 2 .
(v) Find the required value of the additional armature resistance to reduce the speed to half
of its rated speed at full load.
Sol_pg32