DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

JOHN BEST: RESEARCH is a systematic activity

directed towards discovery and the development
of an organized body of knowledge.
WALTZ & BAUSELL : RESEARCH is a systematic,
formal, rigorous and precise process employed
to gain solutions to problems or to discover and
interpret new facts and relationships.

Selecting the research topic

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODS: are the tools and

techniques for analyzing and collecting data
to get solution to the problem being
studied.

RESEARCG METHODOLOGY: can be defined

as the scientific procedure to solve various
problems related to research.

ESSENTIAL CRITERIA OF A GOOD

RESEARCH
1.
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3.
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8.

Defined Objectives
Ethically conducted Research
Flexibility
Reliability on Research
Validity
Accuracy
Credibility of sources
Generalized results

Types of Research
On the basis of Application

Types of Research

Application Based
Research
PURE/ BASIC/ FUNDAMENTAL

RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF

OBJECTIVES - 3
1. EXPLORATORY/FORMULATIVE RESEARCH:
It explore the unknown facts that are not
previously defined.
It helps the researchers to find out the best
research methods, designs and data
collection techniques.
Example: the reasons behind the higher
terrorism rate in a country than other
nations.

RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF

OBJECTIVES
2. Descriptive/Statistical Research:
It tries to explain the characteristic features of
the population under study
It discusses about the objectives and
assumptions regarding a reasearch.
It answers the questions like who, what, when,
where and how regarding situation.
It is used to calculate the frequencies,
averages, central tendencies.
Example: to examine the cause behind a
specific kind of disease in a particular area.

RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF

OBJECTIVES

3. Experimental/casual/explanatory research:

It is carried out to identify the causes behind any

effect.
It determines the effects on dependent variable
due to the changes in independent variable.
Two similar groups are chosen: 1group exposed to
treatment experimental gp 2group which is kept
constant control gp
After treatment the effect is measured by
comparing it with control gp.

Example: primary teacher evaluate a new

technique for tg. Maths in comparison to the
standard tg. method

RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF

EXTENT OF THEORY-2
1. THEORETICAL RESEARCH : It adds new
knowledge to the existing theories.
It has criticism because of no test
component

Example: organisation conduct research on

its employees and their motivation levels
based on Herbergs two factor theory.

RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF

EXTENT OF THEORY-2
2. EMPIRICAL RESEARCH:It is data-oriented.
It provide insight through observation or
experienves.
Primary data are collected, analysed and tested
to prove hypotheses.
It is conducted through qualitative and
quantitative approaches.
Example: research conducted on health issues.
In theory- researchers arrives at conclusion based
on existing literature. While emp- takes a step
further and collects the data to test the theory.

RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF

METHODOLOGY -2
1.
.
.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:It is conducted to

study and analyse the human behavior.
It is considered as the preliminary stage.
To develop new ideas and theories that
cab be tested and analysed later.
To get indepth knowledge by using various
new techniques.
Example: survey conducted to know the
target customers, habits and buying
preferences for launching a new product.

RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF

METHODOLOGY -2
2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH: It is contrary to
qualitative
It is a scientific technique to analyse the data
using statistical measures for concluding the
outcomes of research problem.
Research on science, social science,
education etc.,
It is carried out in structured way to develop
and test various hypotheses using
mathematical and statistical techniques.
Example: research to compare the effect on
crime rate due to gun buyback program.

OTHER TYPES
1EVALUATION RESEARCH: it is the systematic
measurement and judgement about a
situation to provide the feedback.
The evaluation is based on some criteria
object benefits, efficiency, sustainability,
applications etc.,
Example: manufacturing firm evaluate its
performance after using just-in-time method
in its production system.

OTHER TYPES
2. action/Participatory Research:
active problem-solving is done to improve the
method of solving issues.
It is practiced by big institutions to enhance
the strategies and techniques adopted by
them for their operations.
it is an investigation which is collective and
evaluative in nature.
It correlate the problem-solving methods with
research to predict the future change of org.
Example: to know the best applicable method
for certain type of students.

OTHER TYPES
3. HISTORICAL RESEARCH: It is an organised
attempt to collect data regarding historical
events, analysing them and interpreting the
events.
It is carried out to identify the causes,
effects and trends regarding past to
improve the present and future.
Example: to find out major earlier orgal.
Practices that cab be implemented in
contemporary org.

OTHER TYPES
4. EX-POST-FACTORY: It is a systematic effort to
trace-back the causes resulting in specific effect.
the actions that has caused the effects are
identified, which are then imposed on some
other similar set of circumstances.
It is conducted after completion of a
phenomenon or occurrence.
It is a scientific analysis of independent and
dependent variables.
Example: forensic research department attempt
to find the causes for certain crime