Accident Prevention

Accident Prevention
Safety And Health Officer Certificate

Course
Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1
Learning Objectives
To define what is accident
To explain the causes of accident &

role
of management control
To explain 3 theory on accident

causation
To list the cost

involved
Copyright@NIOSH
2005/1 in an accident 2
Scope
Principles of loss prevention
Causes of accidents
accidents and productivity
Approach to loss prevention
Principles of
Accident Prevention
1. Accident prevention is good management
1. Management and workers must fully
cooperate
2. Top management must lead
Principles of
Accident Prevention
4. There must be an OSH policy
5. Must have organisation and resources
to implement the OSH policy
6. Best available information and
technology must be applied
What Is An Accident?
An accident is:
An unexpected, unplanned event in a
sequence of events
That occurs through a combination of

causes
Which result in:

Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to
an individual,
Damage to property,
A near-miss,
Any combination of these effects.
Accident???
10
Or is this an accident???
11
Why Prevent Accidents?

Legal
Human Rights
Business
12
Causes Of Accidents
13
Types of Accidents
Cause immediate injury or damage to
equipment or property:
A forklift dropping a load
Someone falling off a ladder
That occur over an extended period:

Hearing loss
Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals
14
1) Early Theory Of Accidents

Causation
(Heinrich (1930's))
According to Heinrich, an "accident" is one factor in
a sequence that may lead to an injury.
The factors can be visualized as a series of
dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the
linkage required for a chain reaction is completed.
Each of the factors is dependent on the preceding
factor.
15
Heinrichs
Five Stage Sequence
Ancestry/socia
l environment
Fault of a
person
Unsafe
act/condition
Accident
Injury
16
Dominos theory
17
Domino Process
1) A personal injury (the final domino) occurs only as a
result of an accident.
2) An accident occurs only as a result of a personal or
mechanical hazard.
3) Personal and mechanical hazards exist only through the
fault of careless persons or poorly designed or
improperly maintained equipment.
4) Faults of persons are inherited or acquired as a result of
their social environment or acquired by ancestry.
5) The environment is where and how a person was raised
and educated.
18
2) Accident Causation Model

(1974)
19
The Three Basic Causes of

Accidents
Poor Management Safety Policy &
Decisions
Personal Factors
Environmental Factors
Unsafe Act
Basic Causes
Indirect causes
Unplanned Incidence
Direct Causes
Unsafe
Condition
ACCIDENT
Personal Injury,
Property Damage
Three Basic Causes Of Accident

20
Lack of Management Control

Management responsible for:
Selection of workers
Machinery and equipment
System of work
Information and training
Supervision, etc
The accident prone worker is a false

approach. It is like blaming the victim
instead of the perpetrator.
21
Multiple Cause Of Accidents

Cause A
(Poor lighting)
Cause B
(Not look where going)
Accident
(Trip)
Cause C
(Wood in walkway)
Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.

22
Fall From a Defective Ladder

Why was the defective ladder not found
during normal inspection?
Why did the supervisor allow its use?
Didn't the injured employee know it
should not be used?
23
Fall From a Defective Ladder

Was the employee properly trained?
Was the employee reminded not to use
the ladder?
Did the superior examine the job first?
24
Trip Although Warned in

Dark Walkway
Was there a necessity for that person to
walk in that area or was there a safer
route.
If the person was not in a hurry would
they have been more aware of their
surroundings and avoided the wood.
25
Trip Although Warned in

Dark Walkway
If the area was better lit would the
person have avoided the wood.
Could the wood have been removed.
26
The Accident Pyramid

1
3
Fatal / Serious injury

Lost days
50
80
400
First aid
Property
Near misses
TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
27
Accepted Accident Theory

Multiple Causation Theory
A single unsafe act or condition may or may
not cause an accident but both are caused
by lack of management control.
Bird Loss Causation Model

In line with Schewhart(1930s) theory of
quality control.
28
Accepted Accident Theory

Heinrichs theory is weak and negative
Blaming victim and lack system thinking,
continual improvements, upstream control
and worker participation.
29
Productivity Aspect Of OSH
30
Direct Vs. Indirect

Incident Cost Iceberg
Direct
Costs
Indirect
Costs
It is estimated that
for every $1 in
direct incident
costs, there are
anywhere from $4
to $11 in indirect
or hidden costs.
31
The Hidden Costs

Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage.
Hidden Uninsured 8-36 times as much as insured costs
1. Product and material

damage
2. Plant and building
damage
3. Tool and equipment
damage
4. Expenditure on
emergency
5. Fines
6. Legal costs
7. Investigation time
8. Supervisors time
diverted
9. Clerical Effort
10.Overtime working
11.Temporary labour
12.Loss of expertise /
experience supplies
13.Clearing site
14.Production delays
32
Incident Prevention Costs

DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machine
guards)
OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs,
PPE, etc.)
SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS
(health surveillance, audits etc)
33
Cost- Benefit Analysis Of Control

Measures
Compare specific incident costs with
cost of specific improvement being
suggested.
34
Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety

Management
All injuries and occupational illnesses
are preventable.
Management is directly responsible for
doing this.
Safety is a condition of employment.
Training is required.
35

Management
Safety audits and inspections must be
carried out.
Deficiencies must be corrected promptly.
All unsafe practices, incidents and injury
accidents will be investigated.
36

Management
Safety away from work is as important as
safety at work
Incident prevention is costeffective; the
highest cost is human suffering.
Employees must be actively involved.
37
Summary
Incident in the workplace is largely caused
by lack of management control
If you think safety is expensive, try
accidents
Implement an appropriate company policy
Control OSH risk
Put a management system in place
Promote Occupational Safety and Health
38

Accident Prevention

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Accident Prevention

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Accident Prevention

Safety And Health Officer Certificate

To define what is accident

To explain the causes of accident &

To explain 3 theory on accident

To list the cost

That occurs through a combination of

Which result in:

Why Prevent Accidents?

That occur over an extended period:

1) Early Theory Of Accidents

2) Accident Causation Model

The Three Basic Causes of

Three Basic Causes Of Accident

Lack of Management Control

The accident prone worker is a false

Multiple Cause Of Accidents

(Not look where going)

Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.

Fall From a Defective Ladder

Fall From a Defective Ladder

Trip Although Warned in

Trip Although Warned in

The Accident Pyramid

Fatal / Serious injury

Accepted Accident Theory

Bird Loss Causation Model

Accepted Accident Theory

Productivity Aspect Of OSH

Direct Vs. Indirect

The Hidden Costs

1. Product and material

Incident Prevention Costs

Cost- Benefit Analysis Of Control

Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety

Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety

Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety

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