OUTLINE

Basic Concepts
Different Topologies and Configurations
Simulation Results
Conclusion

Virtual machine
Fundamental objective
To provide a simulated electrical load to allow an equipment like inverter to
be tested without using the real machine.

Different load configuration

Figure 1. Hardware-in-the-loop simulations [1]

Traditional
real electric
motoremulators
appliedbased
to a on
mechanical
As anUsing
alternative,
electric motor
method
and coupled to a load unit.
high operating cost
Heavy and Large equipment test bench
electronic load
Complexity
are able to generate desired current and voltage

Problems
Test time

Large energy consumption

Figure 2. virtual machine [2]

[1] S. Uebener, J. Bocker, Application of an e-machine emulator EEVC European Electric Vehicle Congress, 2012.
[2] A. Bouscayrol, Different types of hardware-in-the loop simulation for electric drives IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, 2008.

Large space

Basic Topology of Electronic load

Figure 3. configuration for load simulator [3]

Figure 4. basic schematic of the emulator [4]

[3] B. Han, et al Load Simulator with Power Recovery Capability, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007.
[4] R. Kennel, Power electronics, hardware-in-the-loop systems, the example of the Virtual machine Technical university of Munich, Electrical drive systems and power
electronics.

The basic e-machine emulator

Back to Back converters

Regeneration unit

mains supply

Figure 5. e-machine emulator block diagram [5]

Converters

Two back to back, three-phase, six-switch, bridge converters

Regeneration capability.
This also reduces the laboratory power supply
requirements.

[5] H.j. Slater, et al, Real-time emulation for power equipment development. Part2: The virtual machine IEE proceedings-Eelectric power applications, 1998.

Parallel inverters

Higher
dynamics

Higher
switching
frequency

A doubling or tripling of the switching frequency in an industrial inverter, however, is

not simple, as the thermal design of the inverter product would not allow that.

sequential switching

Figure 6. E-machine emulator [1]

Principle of Sequential/Interleaved Switching

Figure 7. Basic scheme of parallel power devices [6]

Sharing the switching losses among several power devices

Power devices are switched sequentially

[6] A. Ferreira, R. Kennel, Interleaved or Sequential switching- 7th international conference on power electronics, 2008.

Principle of Sequential/Interleaved Switching

Figure 8. concept of sequential switching [4]

switching frequency:
fparalle= fSwiches * n
(n = number of devices in parallel connection)

Detailed structure

5 legs in
parallel

Regeneration
unit

Figure 9. structure of e-machine emulator [7]

Figure 10. e-machine emulator with 5 legs

in parallel [7]
[7] T. Boller, R.M. Kennel, J. Holtz, Increased power capability of standard drive IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 2010 .

In current mode the electronic load

is active and adjusts the current
at the output of the ECU

Analog structure

In addition, two auxiliary power supplies

are used to maintain the
current of the freewheeling phase in the ECU output stage

Figure 11. Motor simulator [8]

In voltage mode a voltage is

applied by the analog amplifier

[8] T. Schulte, J. Bracker, '' Real-time simulation of BLDC motors for hardware-in-the-loop applications incorporating senserless control'' IEEE International Symposium on
Industrial Electronics, pp. 2195 - 2200, Cambridge, 2008.

Quasi-Linear Inverter (Linverter)

The suggested structure consists of the basic modules

S in k

T
U
T
ON

Source

PWM

S in k

T
U
T
PWM

Source

OF

To enable the current to flow

in both directions both elementary
circuits can be combined.

Figure 12. schematic for Linverter [9]

[9] S.L. Baciu, S. Trabelsi, et al, Linverter a low-harmonic and high-bandwidth inverter based on a parallel multilevel structure 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics
Specialists Conference, 2004.

Proposed Structure

Analog + Switched mode

Emulator

Device
under
test

Switched mode

Simple topology
Parallel inverter
Linverter

Figure 13. schematic for proposed topology

10

LinVerter Approach
Linverter Simulation

Figure 14. Linverter for simulation

11

Fitness function

Bidirectional Interface(MATLAB and LTspice)

Figure 15. Interaction of PSO optimization algorithm with model during optimization

The number of iteration

Figure 16. Convergence of PSO.

12

Simulation (Tracking of a 2 kHz sinusoidal signal)

Figure 17. Output Voltage of LinVerter.

13

Simulation
Simulation (Tracking
(Tracking of
of aa 50
varied
kHz Reference)
sinusoidal signal)

Output Voltage

3
1

1 kHz
500 Hz

2 kHz
Time
Figure 18. Output Voltage of LinVerter.

14

4-Quadrant Converter

Figure 19. schematic for 4-Quadrant converter [10]

The switches MP and MN are operated complementary to each other

The output of this converter has an ability to sink or source current regardless of
the output voltage polarity
Vout 1 2 D

Vin
1 D

[10] A, Wu, Product How- to: four quadrant DC/DC switching regulator smoothly transitions from positive to negative output voltages for FPGA EDN network, March 2014.

15

4-Quadrant Converter

Vout 1 2 D

Vin
1 D

D 0.5

0.5 D 0.66

D 0.66

0 Vout Vin
Vin Vout 0
Vout Vin

16

Simulation of 4-Quadrant Converter

IV

III

II

Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance

17

4-Quadrant Flyback Converter

Conventional Flyback
converter

Additional secondary and primary windings

Four-quadrant Flyback Converter

Extra steering switches in the secondary
The circuit can offer all the benefits of the flyback converter to DC/AC inverters

Figure 21. 4-Quadrant Flyback Converter [11]

[11] D, Dalal A Complete Control Solution For a Four-Quadrant Flyback Converter Using the New UCC3750 Source Ringer Controller APPLICATION NOTE U-169

18

4-Quadrant Flyback Converter

Figure 22. Different Operation modes for Flyback Converter [11]

[11] D, Dalal A Complete Control Solution For a Four-Quadrant Flyback Converter Using the New UCC3750 Source Ringer Controller APPLICATION NOTE U-169

19

Conclusion

advantages
4-quadrant application
It is able to control the
current (by making a
balance).
High
switching
frequency and reduction
of the size of the filter
elements by parallel
structure

Inconveniences
Controlling the current

?
(it is still to identify)

Current balance in the

diodes in the case of
parallel
interleaved
structure.

20

Conclusion

ADVANTAGES

Inconveniences

4-quadrant application.
The number of switches.

Complementary type of
MOS transistors
Controlling the current in
both direction might be
difficult.
(asymmetric
behavior)
The maximum VDS stress
on switches is 2Vin-Vout
(the BVDSS ratings must
be greater).
21

Conclusion

ADVANTAGES
Combine the analog
with switched mode
High frequency
Current control from
analog
mode
and
voltage control from
switched mode
simple structures might
be enough
in the
switched mode like half
bridge

Inconveniences

Higher complexity

Energy losses
analog part

in

22

Future Steps
Implementation

Will be
designed
and built

Interactions

On control sides
On designing the magnetic components sides
23

References
[1] S. Uebener, J. Bocker, Application of an e-machine emulator for power converter tests in the development of electric drives
EEVC European Electric Vehicle Congress, pp. 1-9, Brussels, 2012.
[2] A. Bouscayrol, Different types of hardware-in-the loop simulation for electric drives IEEE International Symposium on Industrial
Electronics, pp. 2146 2151, Cambridge, 2008.
[3] B. Han, B. Bae, N. Kwak Load Simulator with Power Recovery Capability Based on Voltage Source Converter-Inverter Set,
IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, pp. 1-7, Tampa, 2007.
[4] R. Kennel, Power electronics, hardware-in-the-loop systems, the example of the Virtual machine presentation, Technical
university of Munich, Electrical drive systems and power electronics.
[5] H.j. Slater, et al, Real-time emulation for power equipment development. Part2: The virtual machine IEE proceedings-Eelectric
power applications, pp. 153-158, 1998.
[6] A. Ferreira, R. Kennel, Interleaved or Sequential switching- for increasing the switching frequency 7th international conference
on power electronics, pp. 738-741, Daegu, 2008.
[7] T. Boller, R.M. Kennel, J. Holtz, Increased power capability of standard drive inverters by sequential switching IEEE
International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), pp. 769 - 774 , Vi a del Mar, 2010 .
[8] T. Schulte, J. Bracker, Real-time simulation of BLDC motors for hardware-in-the-loop applications incorporating senserless
control IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp. 2195 - 2200, Cambridge, 2008.
[9] S.Grubic, etal, A high performance electronic hardware-in-the-loop drive-load simulation using a linear inverter (Linverter)
IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, No.4, pp. 1208-1216, 2010.
[10] A, Wu, Product How- to: four quadrant DC/DC switching regulator smoothly transitions from positive to negative output
voltages for FPGA EDN network, March 2014.
[11] D, Dalal A Complete Control Solution For a Four-Quadrant Flyback Converter Using the New UCC3750 Source Ringer
Controller APPLICATION NOTE U-169
[12] Xu She, Y. Zou, Ch. Wang, Lei Lin, Jian Tang, Jian Chen, Research on power electronic load: topology, modeling, and control
24 Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC. , pp. 1661 1666, Washington, DC, 2009.
[13] R.L. Klein, A.F. De Paiva, M. Mezaroba Emulation of nonlinear loads with energy regeneration Power Electronics Conference
(COBEP), pp. 884 890, Praiamar , 2011.
[14] R.M. Kennel et al, Replacement of electrical (load) drives by a Hardware-in-the-loop system International Aegean Conference
on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (ACEMP) and Electromotion Joint Conference, pp. 17-25, Istanbul, 2011.
[15] S.L. Baciu, S. Trabelsi, et al, Linverter a low-harmonic and high-bandwidth inverter based on a parallel multilevel structure
35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, Vol.5, pp. 3927 - 3931 2004.
[16] D.Dalal A unique Four Quadrant Flyback Converter 2013.
[17] Y. Berkovich and et al, A family of Four-Quadrant PWM DC-DC converters IEEE international conference, 2007.

24

Thank You for your

Attention

7000ns

400ns

400 ns+7000 ns

22

Problem

diodes cannot be switched sequentially

All
Alldiodes
diodesare
areloaded
loaded with
withthe
the

fullswitching
switchingfrequency
frequency
full

The
Thediodes
diodeswith
withthe
thelowest
lowest

internalresistance
resistanceheat
heatmore
morethan
than
internal
theothers
others
the

Principle of Magnetic Freewheeling Control

The concept of magnetic free wheeling control is a possibility to provide
sequential switching in parallel diodes.

R
D2

D3

S1

S2

S3

GAL

D1

Parallel Structure

Figure 17. Linverter with just one leg [12]

Figure 18. Schematic of linverter with parallel structute [12]

[12] S.Grubic, etal, A high performance electronic hardware-in-the-loop drive-load simulation using a linear inverter (Linverter) IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics,
2010.

Dynamic
performance
improvement
Reduction
in switching
losses

Size
reduction

The aims
of
this extension

Higher
switching
frequencies

Reduction
of output
harmonics

Bidirectional
current

Smoother
voltage
profile

Single phase and Three-phase structure

Tested power Device

DC bus capacitor

Load imitation Converter

Grid Connected Converter

Grid
Figure 6. single phase topology of
electronic load [6]

Requirements:
Much higher dynamics
Higher frequency
bidirectional current

Figure 7. Three-phase topology of

electronic load [7]
[6] Xu She, Y. Zou, Ch. Wang, Lei Lin, Jian Tang, Jian Chen, Research on power electronic load Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC. 2009.
[7] R.L. Klein, A.F. De Paiva, M. Mezaroba Emulation of nonlinear loads with energy regeneration Power Electronics Conference, 2011.

Example of pulse sequence for

sequential switching of paralleled power devices

Ton
T1

T2

T3

TPWM
T

TT1

Basic Idea of Sequential Switching

the devices are loaded with the full current !

reduction of the switching losses

by reducing the switching frequen
in each dev
limitation of the maximum switch-on time
to the cycle time of the system frequency
(pulse / pause = 33.3% max. for three IGBTs in parallel)

Simulation of 4-Quadrant converter

II

Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance

 III of 4-Quadrant converter

Simulation
III

Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance

Simulation of 4-Quadrant converter

IV

Figure 20. 4-Quadrant Converter Performance