TRENDS IN TELECOM SECTOR

First Generation

Dr.Yousaf
INUPeshwar

Trend of Telecom Convergence

- Forces from computer and media industries

Telecom Industry
(communication)

mobility

3G/Wireless Internet
Wireline
Wireless/Cellular
ISDN
Intranet/Internet
PSTN
PC-WAN Carrier class
PC-LAN
Computer Industry (computer)
PC/Servers
desk top computing
main frames
xDSL

electronic
Media Industry (content) publishing and
entertainment

Trend of Telecom Convergence

- Starting from traditional telecom

Wireless
Satellite

Cordless

PSTN

GSM

Fixed

Mobile

ADSL, Cable Modem

Cable TV
AM/FM

Broadcast
3

VHF/UHF

Trend of Telecom Convergence

- Convergence in delivering network technologies
Convergence of new technologies offers opportunities and risks for
communication / content players.
Wireless
Wireless

WLAN operator

VoIP
VoIP
GSM
GSM@
@Home
Home

Fixed Line operator

Voice
Convergence
Convergence

Data

Data

Mobile operator

Broadcast
Broadcast

TV broadcast, Cable
4
channels, Radio broadcast

Fixed
Fixed

Mobile
Mobile

Voice

Trend of Telecom Convergence

- Mobile evolution
Mobile technologies are rolling out 3G and HSDPA to provide a access
network with higher speeds.
Speed (bit/s)
10M
High
quality video

HSDPA

1M

3G/
WCDMA

Medium
quality video
384 k
Mobile office

EDGE

Internet Graphics

GPRS

Internet Text
Voice

GSM

115 k
56 k
10 k

Messaging
SMS

1k

First Generation
What

we will look at

1st Generation technology

Analogue signals
Frequency Division
Handover
Infrastructure

First Generation

Early Wireless
communications

Signal fires
Morse Code
Radio
Radio Transmitter 1928 New York

First Generation
1st

Generation devices

Introduced in the UK by Vodafone

January 1985

UK Technology (and Italy)

Total Access Cellular System (TACS)

This was based on the American design of AMPS

Used the 900MHz frequency range

Europe

Germany adopted C-net

France adopted Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)

First Generation

Operates

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Operates in the 900MHz frequency range

First Generation

FDMA

Breaks up the available frequency into 30 KHz channels

Allocates a single channel to each phone call
The voice/sound is transmitted as analogue data, which means
that a large than required channel has to be allocated.

First Generation

FDMA
Frequency

First Generation

FDMA

You use this technology all of the time!

Consider your radio in the house
As you want different information you change the frequency
which you are receiving

First Generation

Voice calls

Are transferred using Frequency modulation

Encoding information

First Generation

1G infrastructure

PSTN

Mobile Switching Centre

First Generation
Infrastructure

Base Station

Carries out the actual radio communications with the

device
Sends out control signals

MSC

Takes responsibility

Controls all calls attached to this device

Maintains billing information
Switches calls (Handover)

First Generation
Cellular

Architecture

Allows the area to be broken into smaller cells

The mobile device then connects to the closest
cell
Cell
Cell
Cell
Cell

Cell
Cell

Cell
Cell

Cell
Cell

Cell
Cell

Cell
Cell

Cell

Cell

First Generation

Cellular Architecture continued

Cellular architecture requires the available frequency to be

distributed between the cells
If 2 cells next to each other used the same frequency each
would interfere with each other

Cell
Cell

Cell
Cell

Cell

Frequency 900

First Generation

Cellular Architecture continued

There must be a distance between adjoining cells

This distance allows communications to take place

Cell

Frequency 900

Cell

Frequency 920

Cell

Frequency 940

Cell

Frequency 960

Cell
Cell

Cell
Cell

First Generation

Cellular Architecture continued

This is referred to as the Minimum Frequency Reuse Factor

This requires proper planning and can be an issue for all radio
based wireless communications
Planning the radio cell and how far a signal may go

Cell
Cell

Cell
Cell

First Generation

Radio Planning

Planning needs careful thought

You must cover the entire area with the minimum of base
stations
Base stations cost the company money
They also make the potential for radio problems
Simulations can be used but accurate models of the area is
required
Best solution is to measure the signals at various points

From this a decision can be made

Cell
Cell

Cell
Cell

First Generation
Cellular

Cells with different frequencies allow devices to

move between these cells

infrastructure why ??

The device just informing what frequency they are

communicating at

Cellular communications can only travel a certain

distance

Cell sizes are flexible

First Generation
Cellular

infrastructure

Once you get to the edge of a cell you will need

a handover

Handover allows the user to move between cells

After a certain distance the amount of data which is sent in

error becomes greater than the data sent correctly at this
point you need to connect to a new cell which is closer.

First Generation

Cellular infrastructure

Communicating with BS1

Moving towards BS2

Tra
nsm
issi
on

BS2

1
BS
n
sio
s
i
nsm
a
r
T
BS
2

BS1

First Generation

Cellular infrastructure

BS2

Power of signal now weakening

BS1

First Generation

Cellular infrastructure

BS2

BS1

First Generation
Handover

Once a handover is decided upon by the BS

The MSC is informed

All BS in the area of the current location are informed to

start paging the device
The BS with the strongest signal is then handed over to
The call can continue
In reality a lot of calls were dropped whilst waiting for a
handover to take place

First Generation
Summary

1G systems

TACS

Frequency Use
Infrastructure
Handover

3G & Future Wireless Vs. Bandwidth

4G
3.5G
bps

3G
GPRS
2G