Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of the Atom
7.1 The Wave Nature of Light
7.2 Quantum Effects and Photons
7.3 The Bohr Theory of the
Hydrogen Atom
c
So, given the frequency of
light, its wavelength can be
calculated, or vice versa.
If c = then rearranging, we
obtain = c/
( 3.00 108 m / s )
5.09 1014 s 1
5.89 10 m or 589 nm
3.00 108 m / s
408 109 m
14 1
7.35 10 s
What is Quantized?
Energy can have only certain values (quantities),
not in between, instead of a continuum of values.
This is like energy existing on stairs of a
staircase instead of at any energy on a ramp.
Figure 7.2:
Emission
(line)
spectra of
some
elements.
hc
E=
=wavelength of light
Photoelectric Effect
Einsteins assumption that an electron is ejected
when struck by a single photon implies that it
behaves like a particle.
When the photon hits the metal, its energy, h is
taken up by the electron.
The photon ceases to exist as a particle; it is said
to be absorbed.
Rh
E 2
n
Rh
Ei 2
ni
Rh
Ef 2
nf
h E f E i
( )( )
Rh
2
nf
Rearranging, we obtain
h R h
1
1
n f2
n i2
Rh
2
ni
1.097 10
1 1
m ( 22
n1 )
2
A Problem to Consider
Calculate the energy of a photon of light emitted from a hydrogen atom when an electron falls from level n = 3 to level n = 1.
1 1
E h R h ( 2 2 )
nf ni
Note that the sign of E is negative because energy is emitted when an electron falls from a higher to a lower level.
E ( 2.18 10
18
J )(11 31 )
E 1.94 10
18
Quantum Mechanics
Bohrs theory established the concept of atomic
energy levels but did not thoroughly explain the
wave-like behavior of the electron.
Current ideas about atomic structure depend on
the principles of quantum mechanics, a theory
that applies to subatomic particles such as
electrons.
Quantum Theory
of the Atom
7.4 Quantum Mechanics
7.5 Quantum Numbers and
Atomic Orbitals
Quantum Mechanics
The first clue in the development
of quantum theory came with the
discovery of the de Broglie 1923 Nobel Prize in 1929
relation.
In 1923, Louis de Broglie reasoned that if light
exhibits particle aspects, perhaps particles of
matter show characteristics of waves.
He postulated that a particle with mass m and a
velocity v has an associated wavelength.
The equation = h/mv is called the de Broglie
relation.
Quantum Mechanics
If matter has wave properties, why are
they not commonly observed?
The de Broglie relation shows that a baseball
(0.145 kg) moving at about 60 mph (27 m/s) has a
wavelength of about 1.7 x 10-34 m.
34 kgm 2
s
6.63 10
( 0.145 kg )( 27 m / s )
1.7 10
34
Quantum Mechanics
If matter has wave properties, why are
they not commonly observed?
Electrons have wavelengths on the order of a few
picometers (1 pm = 10-12 m).
Under the proper circumstances, the wave character
of electrons should be observable.
Quantum Mechanics
In 1927, it was demonstrated that a beam of
electrons, just like X rays, could be diffracted
by a crystal.
The German
physicist, Ernst
Ruska, used this
wave property to
construct the first
electron
microscope in
1933.
Image Movie
Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics is the branch of
physics that mathematically describes the
wave properties of submicroscopic particles.
We can no longer think of an electron as having
a precise orbit in an atom.
To describe such an orbit would require knowing
its exact position and velocity.
In 1927, Werner Heisenberg showed (from
quantum mechanics) that it is impossible to
know both simultaneously.
Quantum Mechanics
Heisenbergs uncertainty principle is a
relation that states that the product of the
uncertainty in position (x) and the
uncertainty in momentum (mvx) of a particle
can be no larger than h/4.
h
( x )(mv x )
4
When m is large (for example, a baseball) the
uncertainties are small, but for electrons, high
uncertainties disallow defining an exact orbit.
Erwin Schrdinger
1926 -Nobel Prize in 1933
Found the probability of finding an
electron in an atom, like flies to a
candle.
Erwin Schrdinger
1926 -Nobel Prize in 1933
Found the probability of finding an
electron in an atom, like flies to a
candle.
Quantum Mechanics
Although we cannot precisely define an
electrons orbit, we can obtain the probability
of finding an electron at a given point around
the nucleus.
State
Principle
Quantum # (n)
City
Angular
Quantum # (l)
Street
Magnetic
Quantum # (ml)
House
Spin Quantum #
(ms)
Letter
s p d f g
l
0 1 2 3 4 .
s-shape
Animations
3py
2py
3d
p-shape
s-shape
p-shape
1s 2s
3s
2px 3px
d-shape
3pz
2pz
d-shape
d-shape
Image Movie
Figure 7.23:
Orbital
energies of
the
hydrogen
atom.
(Click here
for nonhydrogen
atoms)