PENGANTAR MATERIAL KOMPOSIT

PENDAHULUAN

Definisi Bahan Komposit

Bahan komposit didefinisikan sebagai bahan yang terdiri
dari gabungan dua bahan atau lebih secara
makroskopis: yaitu, sifat-sifat bahan pembentuknya
masih terlihat dalam bahan komposit.
Penguat (reinforcement)
Pengikat (matrix)

Fungsi
Penguat:
Menambah kekuatan
Menambah kekakuan
Menambah keliatan
Pengikat:
Melindungi penguat
Mentransfer gaya
Temperature resistance
Chemical resistance

Types of Composites

Klasifikasi

Particle Reinforced Composites

Contoh:
-Spheroidite matrix:
ferrite ()
steel
(ductile)

60m
matrix:
-WC/Co
cemented cobalt
(ductile)
carbide
V :

m
10-15vol%!

particles:
cementite
(Fe 3C)
(brittle)
particles:
WC
(brittle,
hard)

600m

-Automobile matrix:
rubber
tires

particles:
C
(stiffer)

(compliant)
0.75m

Adapted from Fig.

10.10, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 10.10 is
copyright United
States Steel
Corporation, 1971.)

Adapted from Fig.

16.4, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 16.4 is
courtesy Carboloy
Systems,
Department,
General Electric
Company.)
Adapted from Fig.
16.5, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 16.5 is
courtesy Goodyear
Tire and Rubber
Company.)

Fiber Reinforced Composites

Continous dan
discontinous (1D)
Woven (2-D)
Chopped Strand
Mat (isotropic
reinforcement)

Structural Composites
Laminate
Sandwich
structures

(Laminat
e)

face sheet
adhesive layer
honeycomb

Sandwich Structures

Why Composites

Specific Strength and Stiffness

Fiber Material Properties

Steel: density (Fe) = 7.87 g/cc; TS=0.380 GPa; Modulus=207 GPa

Al: density=2.71 g/cc; TS=0.035 GPa; Modulus=69 GPa

Cost of Composite Structures

Material costs -- higher for composites
Manufacturing cost lower for
composites
Design costs -- lower for composites
Can reduce the number of parts in a
complex assembly by designing the material
in combination with the structure

Increased performance must justify

higher material costs

Application - Aerospace

Current use of Composites

Boeing 7E7 - 787

Boeing 787 - Fuselage

Boeing 787
Increased fuselage
strength allows for the
largest windows
available on a
commercial aircraft,
which benefits
passengers
experience.

Boeing 787 Nose\Cockpit

Application - Non-Aerospace (1)

Application - Non-Aerospace (2)

Application - Non-Aerospace (3)

Application - Non-Aerospace (4)

Application - Non-Aerospace (5)

SERAT DAN MATRIKS

Types of Fibers
Glass fiber
Carbon fiber
Aramid fiber

Fiber Glass

Aramid Fiber

Natural fiber
Hybrid fiber

Carbon Fiber

FIBER SELECTION
Factors to consider when choosing fiber
type include thermal properties; fiber
cost, type of manufacturing process
being used, and forms of reinforcement

Aramid/Carbon Hybrid

Natural fibre

Glass Fiber
The types of glass used are as follows:
E-Glass the most popular and inexpensive. The
designation letter E means electrical implies that it is
an electrical insulator. The composition of E-glass
ranges from 52-56% SiO2, 12-16% A1203, 16-25% CaO,
and 8-13% B203
S-Glass stronger than E-Glass fibers (the letter S
means strength). High-strength glass is generally known
as S-type glass in the United States, R-glass in Europe
and T-glass in Japan. S-Glass is used in military
applications and in aerospace. S-Glass consists of silica
(SiO2), magnesia (MgO), alumina (Al2O3).
C-Glass corrosion and chemical resistant glass fibers.
To protect against water erosion, a moisture-resistant
coating such as a silane compound is coated onto the
fibers during manufacturing. Adding resin during
composite formation provides additional protection. CGlass fibers are used for manufacturing storage tanks,
pipes and other chemical resistant equipment.

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FORMS OF

GLASS FIBER

Random mat and woven

fabric

Carbon Fiber
A carbon fiber is a long, thin strand of material about
0.0002-0.0004 in (0.005-0.010 mm) in diameter and
composed mostly of carbon atoms.
The carbon atoms are bonded together in
microscopic crystals that are more or less aligned
parallel to the long axis of the fiber.
The crystal alignment makes the fiber incredibly
strong for its size. Several thousand carbon fibers are
twisted together to form a yarn, which may be used
by itself or woven into a fabric.
The yarn or fabric is combined with epoxy and wound
or molded into shape to form various composite
materials.
Carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials are used
to make aircraft and spacecraft parts, racing car
bodies, golf club shafts, bicycle frames, fishing rods,
automobile springs, sailboat masts, and many other
components where light weight and high strength
are needed.

Carbon Fiber: Raw Materials

The raw material used to make carbon fiber is called the
precursor. About 90% of the carbon fibers produced are
made from polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The remaining 10%
are made from rayon or petroleum pitch.

Carbon Fiber
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) are characterized
by the following properties:
Light weight;
High strength-to-weight ratio;
Very High modulus elasticity-to-weight ratio;
High Fatigue strength;
Good corrosion resistance;
Very low coefficient of thermal expansion ;
Low impact resistance;
High electric conductivity;
High cost.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) are used for
manufacturing: automotive marine and aerospace parts,
sport goods (golf clubs, skis, tennis racquets, fishing rods),
bicycle frames.

Kevlar Fiber
Kevlar is the trade name (registered by DuPont Co.) of
aramid (poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers.
Groundbreaking research by DuPont scientists in the
field of liquid crystalline polymer solutions in 1965
formed the basis for the commercial preparation of the
Kevlar aramid fiber.
It was about 25 years ago that the first generation of
Kevlar fibers under the name of Kevlar 29 was used
in US ballistic vests for the first time.
Kevlar fibers were originally developed as a replacement
of steel in automotive tires.
Kevlar filaments are produced by extrusion of the
precursor through a spinnert. Extrusion imparts
anisotropy (increased strength in the lengthwise
direction) to the filaments.
Kevlar may protect carbon fibers and improve their
properties: hybrid fabric (Kevlar + Carbon fibers)
combines very high tensile strength with high impact
and abrasion resistance.

Kevlar Fiber
Kevlar fibers possess the following properties:
High tensile strength (five times stronger per weight unite
than steel);
High modulus of elasticity;
Very low elongation up to breaking point;
Low weight;
High chemical inertness;
Very low coefficient of thermal expansion ;
High Fracture Toughness (impact resistance);
High cut resistance;
Textile processibility;
Flame resistance.
The disadvantages of Kevlar are: ability to absorb moisture
(making Kevlar composites more sensitive to the
environment), difficulties in cutting (Toughness makes fabrics
difficult to cut with conventional methods), low compressive
strength.

Kevlar Fiber
Aramids can be hot-drawn, i.e. Kevlar 29, is drawn at a temperature over 400 C (750 F)
to produce Kevlar 49 (a fiber with nearly double the stiffness compared to Kevlar 29)
There are several modifications of Kevlar, developed for various applications:
Kevlar 29 high strength, low density fibers used for manufacturing bullet-proof vests,
composite armor reinforcement, helmets, ropes, cables, asbestos replacing parts.
Kevlar 49 high modulus, high strength, low density fibers used in aerospace,
automotive and marine applications.
Kevlar 149 ultra high modulus, high strength, low density, highly crystalline fibers
used as reinforcing dispersed phase for composite aircraft components.

Grade

Density
g/cm^3

Tensile
Modulus
GPa

Tensile
Strength
GPa

Tensile
Elongation
%

29

1.44

83

3.6

4.0

49

1.44

131

3.6--4.1

2.8

149

1.47

186

3.4

2.0

The close packing of the aromatic

polymer chains produced a strong,
tough, stiff, high-melting fiber, good
for radial tires, heat- or flameresistant fabrics, bulletproof
clothing, and fiber-reinforced
composite materials

Kevlar Fabric for Protection

The superior toughness of aramid is an outcome of the energy
consuming failure mechanism of its fibers. This energy absorbing
failure mechanism makes it ideal for use in armor, military and
ballistic applications, like helmets and bullet-proof vests.
The type of Kevlar fiber used for protective applications is Kevlar 29.
Kevlar fabric for protective applications is used primarily by the
military and law enforcement agencies for bullet resistant vests and
helmets.
The military has found that helmets reinforced with Kevlar offer 2540% better fragmentation resistance than comparable steel helmets
while providing better fit and greater comfort.
Bullet resistant vests using Kevlar cloth have saved thousands of
police officers and military personnel in the line of duty. Kevlar fabric
also offers excellent thermal protection in items such as gloves and
boots since it can withstand extreme heat and is inherently flame
resistant.

Mechanical Characteristics

Material Costs

Matrix Materials
Functions of the matrix

Transmit force between fibers

arrest cracks from spreading between fibers
do not carry most of the load

hold fibers in proper orientation

protect fibers from environment
mechanical forces can cause cracks that allow environment to
affect fibers

Demands on matrix

Interlaminar shear strength

Toughness
Moisture/environmental resistance
Temperature properties
Cost

Matrices - Polymeric
Thermosets
cure by chemical reaction
Irreversible
Examples
Polyester, vinylester
Most common, lower cost, solvent resistance

Epoxy resins
Superior performance, relatively costly

Cross-link on
thermosets

Matrices - Thermosets
Polyester
Polyesters have good mechanical properties, electrical properties
and chemical resistance. Polyesters are amenable to multiple
fabrication techniques and are low cost.

Vinyl Esters
Vinyl Esters are similar to polyester in performance. Vinyl esters
have increased resistance to corrosive environments as well as a
high degree of moisture resistance.

Matrices - Thermosets
Epoxy
Epoxies have improved strength and stiffness properties over
polyesters. Epoxies offer excellent corrosion resistance and
resistance to solvents and alkalis. Cure cycles are usually longer
than polyesters, however no by-products are produced.
Flexibility and improved performance is also achieved by the
utilization of additives and fillers.

Matrices - Thermoplastics
Formed by heating to elevated temperature at which
softening occurs
Reversible reaction
Can be reformed and/or repaired - not common
Limited in temperature range to 150C

Examples
Polypropylene
with nylon or glass
can be injected-- inexpensive

Soften layers of combined fiber and resin and place in a mold

-- higher costs

Cured of thermoset and thermoplastic

Matrices - Others
Metal Matrix Composites - higher temperature
e.g., Aluminum with boron or carbon fibers

Ceramic matrix materials - very high temperature

Fiber is used to add toughness, not necessarily higher in
strength and stiffness

Metal Matrix
Composite

Ti - Al

Ceramic Matrix Composites

Fiber bridging on CMC

The combination of fiber and matrix

makes a composite material

Fracture Surface
(a)

(b)

Glass-epoxy

Carbon-epoxy

Mechanical Properties of
some FRP

Properties of Fiber Reinforced

Plastics
Fiberglass polyester

(Carbon fibers and epoxy)

MIKROMEKANIKA

MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE
STRUCTURES
Definitions:
Isotropic : a material having similar properties in all directions. For
example: aluminum, steel, etc.
Orthotropic : a material having two plane of symmetry which are
perpendicular to each other. Example: composite materials in fiber
direction.
Anisotropic: a material having no plane of symmetry. Example:
composite materials not in fiber direction.

Isotropic

Orthotropic

Anisotropic

COMPOSITE MATERIALS
In fiber direction, a composite material is an orthotropic material.

1 : fiber direction
1

2: perpendicular
fiber direction

COMPOSITE MATERIAL PROPERTIES

E1 : Modulus of elasticity in fiber direction
E2 : Modulus of elasticity in perpendicular fiber direction
v12 : Poissons ratio in 1-2 plane
G12 : Shear modulus in 1-2 plane
(In isotropic materials, it has only two material properties: E and v)

E1 = tan

The same phenomena can be

drawn for other material
properties.

MICROMECHANICS
Micromechanics is a tool to find composite material properties (for
example: E1, E2, v12 and G12) as a function of fiber and matrices
properties.
Determination of E1
The same can be drawn
for other properties
matrices
fiber

L
vf :volume fraction of fiber

E1 = vf. Ef + (1-vf) Em

Ef : fiber modulus of elasticity

Em : matrices modulus of elasticity

L
L

m E m .1

f E f .1

P 1. A f . A f m . Am

1 E1. 1
Af

Am
E1 E f .
Em .
A
A

E1 E f .v f E m .v m
(rule of mixture)

vf

Af
A

A
vm m
A

vm : fraksi volume serat

vf : fraksi volume serat

Menentukan Harga E2
f

2
Ef

2
Em

2 .W f .v f .W m .v m .W
2 f .v f m .vm
vf

v
m

2 2

E f Em

E2

E2

2
2

E f .E m
v f .E m v m .E f

Menentukan Harga v12 dan G12

Dengan cara yang sama akan didapat:

12 v f . f vm . m
G12

G f .Gm
v m .G f v f .Gm

Persamaan Halpin-Tsai
E1 E f .v f E m .v m

12 f .v f m .v m
dan

1 ..v f
M

Mm
1 .v f

Mf

M m

Mf

M
m

M
Mf
Mm

: Konstanta bahan komposit, dapat berupa E2 atau G12

: Konstanta bahan serat, dapat berupa Ef atau Gf
: Konstanta bahan matriks, dapat berupa Em atau Gm.

Contoh

Massa Bahan Komposit dan Void

Massa Bahan Komposit didefinisikan sebagai:

Sedang volume bahan komposit adalah:

Dalam fraksi massa dan fraksi volume:

Karena itu, massa jenis bahan komposit dan fraksi volume void
adalah:

Dalam struktur komposit, fraksi volume void yang dapat

diterima adalah kurang dari 1%.

TEKNIK PENGUJIAN

COMPOSITE MATERIAL PROPERTIES

E1 : Modulus of elasticity in fiber direction
E2 : Modulus of elasticity in perpendicular fiber direction
v12 : Poissons ratio in 1-2 plane
G12 : Shear modulus in 1-2 plane
(In isotropic materials, it has only two material properties: E and v)

1
Xt,c

E1 = tan

The same phenomena can

be drawn for other material
properties.

Experimental determination of E2
2

E2 = tan

Yt,c

Experimental determination of
G12
Spesimen dengan tebal
t.

12
S

G12 tan

P/2

Rosette Strain
Gage

12 2 450

P/2

12

( P / 2)

b.t

12

Hasil Uji Tarik Carbon/epoxy UD 0o

Brush-type Failure

Hasil Uji Tarik Carbon/epoxy Woven Plain-Weave

Modus Kerusakan pada Tes Kompresi

Contoh Kerusakan pada Tes Kompresi

Woven glass/epoxy
(0o/90o)s

Woven glass/epoxy (0o/90o/45o/45o)s

Perbandingan Kekuatan Tarik dan

Kompresi

MEKANIKA STRUKTUR
KOMPOSIT TEORI LAMINA

MECHANICS OF COMPOSITE
STRUCTURES
Definitions:
Isotropic : a material having similar properties in all directions. For
example: aluminum, steel, etc.
Orthotropic : a material having two plane of symmetry which are
perpendicular to each other. Example: composite materials in fiber
direction.
Anisotropic: a material having no plane of symmetry. Example:
composite materials not in fiber direction.
Isotropic

Orthotropic

Anisotropic

COMPOSITE MATERIALS
In fiber direction, a composite material is an orthotropic material.

1 : fiber direction
1

2: perpendicular
fiber direction

COMPOSITE MATERIAL PROPERTIES

E1 : Modulus of elasticity in fiber direction
E2 : Modulus of elasticity in perpendicular fiber direction
v12 : Poissons ratio in 1-2 plane
G12 : Shear modulus in 1-2 plane
(In isotropic materials, it has only two material properties: E and v)

1
Xt,c

E1 = tan

The same phenomena can be

drawn for other material
properties.

Experimental determination of E2
2

E2 = tan

Yt,c

Experimental determination of G12

P
Spesimen dengan tebal t.

12
S

G12 tan

P/2

Rosette Strain Gage

12 2 450

P/2

12

( P / 2)

b.t

12

PLATE UNDER MULTI-AXIAL LOADINGS

2
1

1
E

1
2 . 1
E
12 0

(Isotropic)

2
12
1

12

1
1
E

2 E

12
0

E
1
E
0

0 1

0 2

1 12
G

Constitutive Equations for Isotropic

Or:

1
1

2 E 1 2

12
0

1
E
1
2

0 2

G 12

Stiffness Matrices for Isotropic Materials

Where:

E
G
21

PLATE UNDER MULTI-AXIAL LOADINGS

2
1

1
E1

2 12 . 1
1

12 1
E1

(Orthotropic)

12 0

12
1

12

E1

1
21

2
E2

12
0

12
1

E1

E2
0

0 2

1 12
G12

Constitutive Equations for Orthotropic

Or:

E1

1 12 . 21

1
12 E2

1 12 . 21

0
12

21.E1
E2

1 12 . 21

1 12 . 21
0

Stiffness Matrices for Orthotropic Materials

Where:

E2
21 .12
E1

0 2

G12 12

COMPLIANCE MATRIX FOR ORTHOTROPIC

1
S11

2
12

0
12
Where:

1
S11
E1
S 22

S12
S 22
0

0
0
S 66

2

12

12 21
; S12

E1
E2

1
1
; S 66
E2
G12

STIFFNESS MATRIX FOR ORTHOTROPIC

1
Q11 Q12

Q
2
12
22

0
0
12

0
0
Q66

2

12

Where:

E1
Q11
1 12 21

12 E2
21E1
; Q12

1 12 21 1 12 21

E2
Q22
; Q66 G12
1 12 21

EXAMPLE
Carbon-epoxy T300/5208 has properties as follows: E1 = 19.2 Msi ; E2 =
1.56 Msi ; v12 = 0.24 ; G12 = 0.82 Msi
Therefore, the compliance coefficients are (in 1/Msi):

1
S11
0.05208
E1
1
S 22
0.641
E2

12
S12
0.0125
E1
1
S 66
1.2195
G12

S16 S 26 0
And the stiffness coefficients are (in Msi)

Q11 19.29 Q12 0.376

Q22 1.567
Q16 Q26 0

Q66 0.820

TRANSFORMED STIFFNESS MATRICES

y

Transformation of stress and strains in arbitrary direction:

x
1

2
1
y


12
xy

x
1

2
2
y


12
xy

and

m2
n2
2mn
T1 n 2 m 2 2mn
mn mn m 2 n 2

T2

m2
n2
mn

n2
m2
mn ; m cos n sin
2mn 2mn m 2 n 2

From the stiffness matrix equation:

1 Q 1
Therefore, we find:

x T1 1 Q T2 x
or

x
Q11 Q12

y T1 Q12 Q22

0
0
xy

x
0

0 T2 y

Q66
xy

Now we define:

Q T
1

and
or

Q T2

x Q x
Q11 Q12
x

y
Q12 Q 22

Q
xy
16 Q 26

Q16 x

Q 26 y
Q 66 xy

The individual

Q ij

terms are given below:

Q11 Q11m 2(Q12 2Q66 )m n Q22n

4

Q 22 Q11n 4 2(Q12 2Q66 )m 2 n 2 Q22m 4

Q12 (Q11 Q22 4Q66 )m 2 n 2 Q12 (n 4 m 4 )
Q16 (Q11 Q12 2Q66 )m n (Q12 Q22 2Q66 ) n m
3

Q 26 (Q11 Q12 2Q66 )mn3 (Q12 Q22 2Q66 )nm 3

Q 66 (Q11 Q22 2Q12 2Q66 )m n Q66 (n m )
2

DISPLACEMENT CHARACTERISTICS

Isotropic

Orthotropic

Off-axis Lamina
(Anisotropic)

EXAMPLE (2)
Carbon-epoxy T300/5208 has properties as follows: E1 = 19.2 Msi ; E2 = 1.56
Msi ; v12 = 0.24 ; G12 = 0.82 Msi and fiber angle 30o to the global axis

Therefore, the compliance coefficients are (in 1/Msi):

S 11 0.2933

S 12 0.1065

S 22 0.5878 S 66 0.8434
S 16 0.3636;

S 26 1.465

And the stiffness coefficients are (in Msi)

Q11 11.75 Q12 3.531

Q 22 2.843

Q 66 3.975

Q16 5.658

Q 26 2.017

OFF-AXIS ENGINEERING CONSTANTS

y
1

Ex

E1

E1
4
2 2
4 E1

m
n

12

G12
E2

E
E
n 2 m 2 1 1 1 n 4 m 4 12
E2 G12

xy
4

E1
2 2
4 E1

m
n

12

G
E
12
2

Ey

E1

E1
4
2 2
4 E1

m
n

12

G
E
12
2

E1
Gxy

E1
2 2
2
2 2 E1
4m n 1 212 n m

E
G
2
12

Pengaruh sudut orientasi serat terhadap modulus

elastisitas dan kekuatan bahan komposit.

MEKANIKA STRUKTUR
KOMPOSIT TEORI
LAMINATE KLASIK

Matriks Kekakuan Lamina

11 Q11 Q12 0

22 Q12 Q22 0
0
0 Q66
12

11

22

12

Q11 Q12 Q16 x

x

Q
Q
Q

y
y
22
26
12

Q
xy
Q
Q
16
26
66
xy

Lamina arah serat 0o

Lamina dengan arah

serat membentuk sudut
sembarang

LAMINATE
A laminate is a stacking of several lamina having different
fiber orientation and/or properties.
For example: (0/90/45o/30o)
(0/90/45o/45o/90/0) or (0/90/45o)s
(0/90/-45o/45o)s

1
2
3

Laminat

Definisi laminat dan sistem

koordinatnya

Laminat mendapat gaya bidang dan

momen

Asumsi Dasar
Hukum Kirchoff-Love berlaku; yaitu deformasi geser di
sepanjang ketebalan diabaikan. Atau dengan kata lain,
bidang yang semula tegak-lurus garis tengah, tetap
tegak lurus selama pembebanan berlangsung.
Pelat tipis, sehingga berlaku kondisi tegangan-bidang
(plane-stress).

Perpindahan titik C:

U c U 0 zc
dan

W0
x

Sehingga secara
umum:

W0
U U0 z
x

dan

V V0 z

W0
y

Untuk regangan kecil, berlaku:

U
x
x

V
y
y

xy

U V

y
x

Sehingga:

U 0
2W0
x
z
x
x 2
V0
2W0
y
z
y
y 2
U 0 V0
2W0
xy

2z
y
x
xy
Atau dalam bentuk matriks:

x x0
x

y y z y
0

xy

xy
xy

U 0
0

x
x0

V0
(regangan bidang y

y
tengah)
0

V
xy
0
0

y
x

dengan:

(kelengkungan)

2W0

x 2
x

2W0

y
2
y

xy
2W0

xy

Maka hubungan tegangan regangan per lamina menjadi:

y

xy

Q11 Q12 Q16 x0

x

Q12 Q 22 Q 26 y z y

Q
xy0
Q
Q
16
26
66
xy

Resultante Gaya dan Momen

12

N x x dz
1 2
12

M x x zdz
1 2

Maka:

Nx

zk x
12 x
n

dz

y dz

y
y
k 1 z k 1
N

1 2

xy
xy
xy

Mx

x
z
12 x
k
n

M y y zdz y zdz
k 1 z k 1
M

1 2

xy

xy
xy

Definisi Gaya dan Momen

Resultante Gaya dan Momen (1)

Nx
n

N y Q ijk
k 1
N
xy

Mx
n

M y Q ijk
k 1
M
xy

x
zk
zk

z 0y dz z y zdz

k 1
k 1

xy
xy

x
zk
zk
0

2
z 0y zdz z y z dz

k 1
k 1

xy
xy

Resultante Gaya dan Momen (2)

Nx

xy

A11
A12

A12
A22

A16

A26

0
x0
y
0

A66 xy

A16
A26

B11
B12

B12
B22

B16

B26

B16 x

B26 y
B66 xy

dan

Mx

y
M

xy

B11
B12

B12
B22

B16

B26

0 D
x0 11
y D12
0
D16
B66 xy

B16
B26

D12
D22
D26

D16 x

D26 y
D66 xy

Resultante Gaya dan Momen (3)

Nx
N
y

A11
A
12

N xy A16
M
x
B11

M y B12

B16
xy

A12

A16

B11

B12

A22

A26

B12

B22

A26

A66

B16

B26

B12

B16

D11

D12

B22

B26

D12

D22

B26

B66

D16

D26

Aij Q ijk z k z k 1
k 1

dengan:

1 n
Bij Q ijk z k2 z k21
2 k 1
1 n
Dij Q ijk z k3 z k31
3 k 1

B16 x0
0

B26 y
0
B66 xy

D16 x
D26 y

D66 xy

Contoh (1)
Misalkan ada sebuah laminat terbentuk dari dua lamina dengan arah serat
membentuk sudut 0o dan 45o serta membentuk sumbu-sumbu koordinat
seperti terlihat pada Gambar 4.a. Lamina bawah bersudut 0o dengan tebal 5
mm; sedang lamina atas bersudut 45o dengan tebal 3 mm. Matriks kekakuan
pada sumbu-sumbu utama bahan diberikan dalam matriks berikut:

20 0,7 0
Cij 0,7 2,0 0
0
0 0,7

 20 0,7 0
C ' 0 o C 0 o 0,7 2,0 0
0
0 0,7

GPa

Untuk lamina dengan sudut 45o

C '11 20. cos 45 2. sin 45 2 0,7 2.0,7 . sin 45 . cos 45 6,55

4

C '22 20. sin 45 2. cos 45 2 0,7 2.0,7 . sin 45 . cos 45 6,55

4

C '12

C '66

1
C '16

C ' 26

20 2 2.0,7 2.0,7 2.0,7 5,15

20 0,7 2.0,7 2.0,7 2 0,7 2.0,7 4,50

4

1
2

20 2 4.0,7 2.0,7 5,15

20 0,7 2.0,7 2.0,7 2 0,7 2.0,7 4,50

Maka:

6,55 5,15 4,50

C ' 45 o 5,15 6,55 4,50
4,50 4,50 5,15

GPa

Maka, perhitungan matriks A, B dan D adalah:

2

Aij C 'ij k z k z k 1 C 'ij

k 1

45o

1 4 C 'ij o 4 1
0

1 2
1
1
Bij C 'ij k z k2 z k2 1 C 'ij o 1 2 4 2 C 'ij o 4 2 1 2
45
0
2 k 1
2
2
7,5 C 'ij o C"ij o

45
0

1 2
1
1
Dij C 'ij k z k3 z k3 1 C 'ij o 1 3 4 3 C 'ij o 4 3 1 3
45
0
3 k 1
3
3
21C 'ij

45o

21,67C 'ij

0o

 119,65 18,95 13,50

A 18,95 29,65 13,50
13,50 13,50 18,95

100,90 33,40 33,75

B 33,40 34,10 33,75
33,75 33,75 33,40

571,00 123,00 94,50

D 123,00 181,00 94,50
94,50 94,50 123,00
Sehingga, hubungan gaya-momen terhadap regangan dan kelengkungan adalah:

Nx
13,5 100,9 33,4 33,8 xo
119,6 18,9
o
N
18,9

29,6
13,5 33,4 34,1 33,8 y
y

o
N xy
13,5
13,5
18,9 33,8 33,8 33,4 xy

100
,
9

33
,
4

33
,
8
571
123
94
,
5
x

x
My
33,4 34,1 33,8 123
181
94,5 y

M
94,5
123 xy

33,8 33,8 33,4 94,5

xy

Sifat-sifat Matriks A, B, D

1. Susunan Simetri
Nx

xy

A11
A12
A16

A12
A22
A26

A16
A26
A66

0
x0
y

D12
D22
D26

D16
D26
D66

y

xy

0
xy

Bij = 0

Mx
D11

y D12
M
D16
xy

2. Symmetric Cross-ply Laminates

2. Symmetric Angle-ply Laminates

3. Balanced Symmetric Angle-ply

Laminates

4. Anti-symmetric Cross-ply Laminates

5. Anti-symmetric Angle-ply Laminates

6. Susunan Tidak Simetri Acak

7. Kuasi-isotropik
[0o/+45o/-45o/90o]s
Nx

xy

A11
A12
0

Mx
D11

D
M

y
12
M
D16
xy

A12
A11
0

D12
D11
D26

0
0
A66
D16
D26
D66

0
x0
y

xy

y

xy

MEKANIKA STRUKTUR KOMPOSIT

MODUS DAN TEORI KEGAGALAN

Modus
Kegagalan
1

E1 = tan

Didapat datadata:
a. Untuk uji tarik:
E1 tarik
Xt
1t
b. Untuk uji tekan:
E1 tekan
Xc
1c

E2 = tan

Didapat data-data:
a. Untuk uji tarik:
E2 tarik
Yt
2t
b. Untuk uji tekan:
E2 tekan
Yc
2c

P
Spesimen dengan tebal
t.

12
S

G12 tan

P/2

Rosette Strain
Gage

12 2 450

P/2

12

( P / 2)

b.t

12

Didapat datadata
G12
S

Kekuatan Bahan Komposit

Kekuatan bahan komposit didefinisikan sbb:
1. Kekuatan tarik dan tekan dalam arah serat (Xt dan Xc),
2. Kekuatan tarik dan tekan dalam arah tegak lurus serat (Yt dan Yc),
3. Kekuatan geser (S),

Kadang-kadang, didefinisikan pula regangan maksimum yang dapat ditolerir oleh bahan
komposit:
4. Regangan maksimum tarik dan tekan dalam arah serat (Xt dan Xc),
5. Regangan maksimum tarik dantekan dalam arah tegak lurus serat (Yt dan Yc),
6. Regangan maksimum geser, 12

Dengan adanya definisi kekuatan bahan komposit seperti di atas, semua tegangan dalam
analisis struktur komposit harus ditransformasikan ke dalam koordinat sumbu utama
bahan (1,2).

Kriteria Kegagalan Lamina

Kriteria kegagalan yang digunakan untuk menganalisis
suatu lamina komposit yang sudah ada di dunia saat ini
mencapai ratusan. Di sini hanya akan diterangkan 3
macam kriteria kegagalan, yaitu:
1. Kriteria kegagalan tegangan maksimum,
2. Kriteria kegagalan regangan maksimum,
3. Kriteria Tsai-Hill.

Kriteria Kegagalan Tegangan

Maksimum
Suatu lamina dalam suatu laminat dapat
dikatakan telah gagal, bila salah satu
persamaan ini terpenuhi:

Kriteria Kegagalan Tegangan Maksimum:

Perbandingan dengan percobaan:

Kriteria Kegagalan Regangan

Maksimum
Suatu lamina dalam suatu laminat dapat
dikatakan telah gagal, bila salah satu
persamaan ini terpenuhi:

Atau:

Kriteria Kegagalan Regangan Maksimum:

Perbandingan dengan percobaan:

Kriteria Kegagalan Tsai-Hill

Suatu lamina dalam suatu laminat dapat
dikatakan telah gagal, bila salah satu
persamaan ini terpenuhi:

Kriteria Tsai-Hill ini bersifat interaktif.

Kriteria Kegagalan Tsai-Hill:

Perbandingan dengan percobaan:

First-Ply-Failure (FPF) dan Last-PlyFailure (LPF)