Well Logging

(The Bore Hole

Image)
Introduction and Principles

Well Logging
Introduction and History
Chapter one

WELL LOG (The Bore Hole Image)

?What is well Logging

Well log is a continuous

record of measurements
made in bore hole, respond
to variation in some
physical properties of rocks
through which the bore
hole is drilled. or
The well log is a record of
the voyage of measuring
.instrument into a well bore
T
h

Well Logging
The instrument is called a
.Logging Tool
Traditionally Logs are
display on grid papers shown
.in figure below
Now a days the log may be
taken as films, images, and
.in digital format

Grid paper of a log

Wire-line Logging
Basically, the equipment needed for
wire-line logging consists of the
:following
Up-hole instruments (Logging Unit-1
and Rig)
Down- hole instruments (sondes and-2
. cables)
For land rigs, the unit is mounted on a
truck, and has a winch with electrical
. wire-line cable

Creating the Well Log Loggin

Operatio

Wire-line Logging

The down hole logging*

instrument called Sonde
is attached to the end of
. t he cable
The unit also includes*
equipment to power the
sondes and to make a
permanent record of the

Compositions of the Uphole.Downhole Instruments

Uphole Instruments include

.the Logging Truck and the Rig
The logging Truck mainly
consists
of
mechanical
Winches and ordinary driving
.machine
Downhole Instruments are
represented by Cables and
.Sondes

Sondes differ in function

from measurement to
another based on the
required physical property to
be measured (GR ,
Resistivity, Neutron, Sonic,
Density, Magnetic, Thermal,
.etc)

Compositions of
Instruments

;Sonde consists of two partsSensor: It is an electronically-1

complicated part used for picking
the required property. It is usually
shielded with fibers in the modern
.tools
Cartridge:
Surrounding
the-2
sensor in the modern tools and do
:three functions
Powering the sensor to be * .ON/OFF
Processing the acquired data * .(First step of processing)

Sonde

Modern
Cable

ecording the Well Log

LOGGING UNITS
Logging service companies utilize
a variety of logging units,
depending on the location
(onshore or offshore) and
requirements of the logging run.
Each unit will contain the following
:components

logging cable

winch to raise and lower the cable

in the well

self-contained 120-volt AC
generator

set of surface control panels

set of down hole tools (sondes and

cartridges)

digital recording system

Data Transmission

Recording
Formats

Recording
Formats

Modern Formats

Structure
of a Log
Head

Wireline Log Services

There are several wire line
, logging services
A- LWD, such as ,Gamma ray,
Resistivity, Nuclear ,
. Porosity and Bulk density
The wire line log
measurements have, not
.offered by LWD as Seismic

LWD = Logging While Drilling

B-Other services
This service uses a device,
such as an air gun, at the
surface to produce sound
. waves in the formation
geophone is lowered into the
borehole. As it is rises up to
the surface, the geophone
detects the sound waves and
converts them into an electric
voltage. Logs produced by this
service are used to determine
the porosity and the lithology

Sound waves
through open hole
.logging operation

HISTORY
Conrad Schlumberger give the idea of using 1912
electrical measurements to map subsurface rock
.bodies

in 1919 Conrad Schlumberger and his brother Marcel

. begin work on well logs
The first electrical resistivity well log was taken in
.France, in 1927

The instrument which was use for this purpose is

called SONDE, the sonde was stopped at periodic
intervals in bore hole and the and resistivity was
.plotted on graph-paper

HISTORY
In 1929 the electrical resistivity logs
are introduce on commercial scale in
Venezuela, USA and Russia
For correlation and identification of
.Hydrocarbon bearing strata
The photographic film recorder was
.developed in 1936
The dip meter log were developed in
1930
The Gamma Ray and Neutron Log were
begin in 1941

Schlumberger Logging Trucks in the past

Schlumberger Logging Trucks in the past

The first well logging record by Henri Doll

.in 1927

End of Chapter one