JJ309 FLUID MECHANICS

CHAPTER 3: FLUID DYNAMICS

3.1 Describe difference types of flow

3.1.1 Define types of flow
a. Uniform flow
b. Steady flow
c. Unsteady flow
d. Laminar flow
e. Turbulent flow
3.1.2 Describe different characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow

3.1 Fluid flow

Motion of a fluid subjected to unbalanced forces or stresses. The motion continues
as long as unbalanced forces are applied.
3.1.1 Types Of Flow
Uniform flow
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream of fluid are the same at each
successive cross-section.
Steady flow
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream of fluid are different at each
successive cross-section.

Unsteady flow
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream may vary from
cross-section, but for each cross-section they change/fluctuate with
time.
Laminar flow
Also known as streamline or viscous flow, in which the particles
of the fluid move in an orderly manner and retain the same relative
positions in successive cross-sections. OR

Inlaminarflowthemotionoftheparticlesoffluidisveryorderly
withallparticlesmovinginstraightlinesparalleltothepipewalls.
Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow is a non-steady flow in which the particles of fluid
move in a disorderly manner, occupying different relative positions in
successive cross-sections.

3.1.2 Characteristics Of Laminar And Turbulent Flow

Laminar flow
Re < 2000
'low' velocity
Dye does not mix with water
Fluid particles move in straight lines
Simple mathematical analysis possible
Rare in practice in water systems.

3.1.2 Characteristics Of Laminar And Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow
Re > 4000
'high' velocity
Dye mixes rapidly and completely
Particle paths completely irregular
Average motion is in the direction of the

flow
Changes/fluctuations are very difficult to
detect
Mathematical analysis very difficult

3.2 Describe flow rate

3.2.1 Define volume flow rate and mass flow rate
3.2.2 Find volume flow rate and mass flow rate

3.2

Flow Rate or Discharge - is the volume of fluid

which moving through a pipe or channel per unit
time.

Q, Flow rate (m3/s)

A, Cross-sectional area (m2)
v, Velocity (m/s)

3.2.1 Mass Flow Rate - is the

mass of a substance which
moving through a pipe or
channel per unit time.

, mass flow rate (kg/s)

, mass density (kg/m3)
, flow rate (m3/s)

Question 1: (Discharge and Flow rate)

The diameter of a 360 cm length of pipe increases

uniformly from 30 cm to 90 cm. Kerosene flows
through the pipe with a velocity of 1.8 m/s at the 30
cm diameter of the pipe. (Specific gravity of
Kerosene oil is 0.82). Determine the ;
i. velocity at the 90 cm diameter of the pipe.
ii. flow rate (discharge).
iii. Mass flow rate

3.3 Apply continuity equation law

3.3.1 State continuity equation law
3.3.2 Solve problems related to continuity equation in single and branch pipe.

3.3 Continuity Equation

The continuity equation is simply a

mathematical expression of the principle
of conservation of mass. For a control
volume that has a single inlet and a
single outlet, the principle of
conservation of mass states that the
mass flow rate into the volume must
equal the mass flow rate out.

Types of inlet and outlet

system

Continuity Equation

Question 2: (Horizontal Ventury Meter)

An above Figure shows a round pipe A with a

diameter of 20 mm. Oil flow splits into two at the
end. Pipe B with a diameter of 10 mm has a velocity,
vB = 0.3 m/s and pipe C with diameter 15 mm has
velocity, vC = 0.6 m/s. Calculate QB, QC and vA.
(Answer:23.55x10-6m3/s,106.02x10-6m3/s,

Question 3: (Horizontal Ventury Meter)

The main pipe A with a diameter of 50 mm flows oil

with the flow rate of QA=2QB.The pipe then split
into 2 pipes, where pipe B has a diameter of 95 mm
and velocity of 2 m/s. Pipe C has a flow velocity of
0.6 m/s. Calculate:
i. Discharge in pipe B, A and C
ii. Diameter of pipe C
(Answer:0.014m3/s,0.028m3/s,0.014m3/s,0.172m)

3.4 Apply Bernoulli Theorem

3.4.1 State Bernoulli Theorem
3.4.2 State the limits of Bernouli Theorem
3.4.3 Solve problems related to Bernoulli Theorem in:
a. Horizontal pipe
b. Incline pipe
c. Horizontal venturi meter
d. Incline venturi meter
e. Orifice meter
f. Pitot tube
3.4.4 Illustrate the important parts of venturi meter

3.4.1 Definition of Bernoullis Equation

Bernoullis Theorem states that the total head

of energy of each particle (molecules) of fluid
entering the system is equal to the total head
of energy of each particle (molecules) of fluid
leaving the system.

Bernoullis Theorem:
Total energy per unit volume at section 1 = Total energy per unit volume at
section 2

z= potential head of energy

= pressure head of energy
= kinetic head of energy
H= Total head of energy
Unit for head of energy is meter (m)

3.4.2 The limitation of Bernoullis Equation

Bernoullis Equation has some restrictions

(limitation) in its applicability:
i. the flow is steady
ii. friction losses are negligible
iii. the density is constant
iv. the equation relates at two points along

a single streamline

3.4.3 Application Of Bernoullis Equation

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

Horizontal Pipe
Incline Pipe
Horizontal ventury meter
Incline ventury meter
Orifice
Pitot Tube

SIX (6) application of Bernoullis equation:

Types of Equipment
1. Horizontal Pipe

2. Incline Pipe

SIX (6) application of Bernoullis equation:

Types of Equipment
3. Horizontal Ventury Meter

4. Incline Ventury Meter

SIX (6) application of Bernoullis equation:

Types of Equipment
5. Orifice

6. Pitot Tube

Question 4: (Horizontal Pipe)

Water flows through a pipe 36 m from the sea level as shown in above
figure . Pressure in the pipe is 410 kN/m2 and the velocity is 4.8 m/s.
Calculate the total head of energy in the pipe.
(Answer:78.96m)

Question 5: (Incline Pipe)

A tapper pipe labeled MN measures 5 m and 3 m respectively above the

datum line. The diameter M and N are both 20 cm and 5 cm. The water
pressure is 490.5 kN/m2. If the velocity at M is 1.0 m/s, determine the
pressure at N in kN/m2.
(Answer:385.64kN/m2)

Question 6: (Horizontal Ventury Meter)

A horizontal ventury meter tapers from 300 mm in diameter at the
entrance to 100 mm in diameter at the throat. The coefficient of discharge
is 0.98. A differential mercury U-tube manometer is connected between
pressures tapping at the entrance to the throat. If the meter is used to
measure the flow rate of the water, calculate the actual discharge when the
difference of level in the U-tube manometer is 55 mm.
(Answer:0.09m3/s)
Question 7: (Horizontal Ventury Meter)
A horizontal ventury meter measures the flow of oil of specific gravity 0.9
in a 75 mm diameter pipe line. The coefficient of discharge is 0.97. If the
difference of pressure between the enterance and the throat is 34.5 kN/m2
and the area ratio is 4, determine the actual discharge.
(Answer:0.03m3/s)

Question 8: (Incline Ventury Meter)

A incline ventury meter measures the flow of
oil of specific gravity 0.82 and has an
entrance of 125 mm diameter and throat of 50
mm diameter. There are pressure gauges at the
entrance and at the throat, which is 300 mm
above the entrance. If the coefficient of
discharge for the meter is 0.97 and the
pressure difference is 27.5 kN/m2, calculate
the actual discharge in unit m3/s.
(Answer:0.015m3/s)

Question 9: (Incline Ventury Meter)

Entrance diameter,d1 = 200 mm

Throat diameter,d2 = 100 mm
Length,L = 2 m
Specific gravity of oil in ventury meter,S = 0.9
Entrance velocity,v1 = 2 m/s
Angle between inlet and outlet = 45o
Calculate:
i.

The pressure difference, P1-P2.

ii.

The difference level in u-tube manometer, x.

(Answer:36.95kN/m2,0.2m)

Question 10: (Orifice)

The horizontal fluid falls 4.4 m from the vena conctracta at
the tank to atmosphere. The head of liquid above the orifice is
7.0 m. The vertical fluid falls 1.85 m below the orifice.
Determine:
i. The actual velocity.
ii. The coefficient of velocity.
(Answer:7.16m/s,0.61)

Question 11: (Pitot Tube)

A Pitot Tube is used to measure air velocity in a pipe attached
to a manometer. The difference level of that manometer is 6
mm water. The density of air is 1.25 kg/m3. Calculate the
actual velocity if the coefficient of the pitot tube, C = 0.94.
(Answer:9.118m/s)

THANK YOU