V Intervention simply means interference.

V According to Oppenheim, ³ Intervention is dictatorial

interference by a State in the affairs of another State for
the purpose of maintaining or altering the actual
conditions of things.´
V Dictatorial interference here means without the consent of
the State concerned. (when you interfere in the affairs of
another State without its consent). (American bombardment
in Pakistan.)
V Maintaining or altering the actual conditions of things
means to make the conditions according to the wishes of
intervening State. The State is compelled to do what it
doesn¶t want to do or not to do what it wants to do.
V Against the concept of Sovereignty. (Basic element of an
independent Nation).
V invitation or on request (may be to Red Cross for help or for
the purpose of any aid etc.) is not intervention.
V Joint exercises of Army like recent exercise of Indian and
American troops is something which can not be called as
intervention. ( a show of strength to China).
V Important example of intervention is China¶s interference in
the domestic matters of Tibet.
V American forces and allied forces still in Afghanistan and
Iraq. Appointment of Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai
and the execution of Sadam Hussain under the influence of
the allied forces at the instance of USA.
V „
  

  
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V Military: Blockade, naval demonstrations, arrest and
detention of foreigners or expulsion of foreign
diplomats.
V Subversive: propaganda or other activities by one State
with the intention of starting in other State revolt or civil
Strife.
V Economic: interference with trade and shipping and
denial of access to land and water.
V Diplomatic: includes communication of the possible use
of military or other coercive measures.
V According to Professor Quincy Wright intervention may
be diplomatic as well as military.
V To protect its citizens abroad: Example: Shahrukh Khan at an
American air port was thoroughly questioned regarding his name.
It is only after the intervention of diplomats that he was released.
This is an example as to how Muslims are being treated in
America instead of Obama¶s declaration of new policy of
friendship with the Islamic World.
Indian students in Australia are under the racial attacks and the
matter is being taken very seriously by Indian Ministries.
The matter of ban on wearing of turban and keeping beard in
France, Italy, USA etc has been taken by the Indian embassies
over there very seriously and the recent allowing by the USA to
allow the Sikhs to wear turban, keep beards and wear Kirpan in
security services is sought as a victory to Indian sikh community
over there after the ban on turban imposed by the California¶s
Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
 Self Defence: Mr. Webster, the Secretary of
U.S.A propounded an important principle regarding
self defence, ³ Instant, overwhelming leaving no
choice of means and no moments for deliberations.´
V This principle was affirmed by the Nuremberg
Tribunal, 1946. (Established to prosecute the war
criminals of Germany.)
V Example: use of nuclear weapons by America on
Japan in Self Defence. America attack on Iraq:
weapons of mass distruction and its readiness to attack
Iran.
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V Can a State interfere in a State where violation of Human Rights
takes place on Humanitarian Grounds?
V 

  



  : basically State
treatment of its subjects is only the concern of that State. Now, if
there is any violation of Human Rights it is within the preview of that
particular State. Unless and until Security Council first determines
that the violation of human rights poses a threat to international peace
and security, action under Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter can not be
taken. Thus, on the ground of violation of human rights the U.N. can
not intervene in the affairs of a member State. (The simple answer to
the above mentioned question is µNO¶).
V U.S.A attack on Iraq: (1) weapons of mass destruction (2) to liberate
its citizens from a dictator.
V Kuwait and Iraq war. After annexation, Iraq established its
sovereignty over Kuwait and it was declared its 19th province.
Security Council intervened and consequently Kuwait was freed.
V Intervention in civil wars: Article 2 (7) of the U.N.
Charter prohibits to interfere in domestic matters of States
by U.N. If civil war assumes such magnitude that it poses
threat to international peace and security then U.N. can
intervene. ( Iraq and Kuwait war).
V To enforce Treaty Rights: a State is justified in
interfering in the affairs of another State if the provisions of
any treaty oblige the former to preserve the independence of
latter. (say a protectorate State).
V Intervention to prevent illegal intervention: like
Security Council intervened when Iraq declared Kuwait its
19th province.
V Collective Intervention: Under Chapter VII of the
U.N. Charter the Security Council can take collective
action against any State in order to maintain or restore
international peace and security.
V Article 41 of the U.N. Charter: Complete or partial
interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air,
postal, telegraphic, radio and other means of
communication and the severance of diplomatic relations.
V Article 42 of the U.N. Charter: demonstrations, blockade
and other operations by air, sea or land forces of the
member of U.N.
V Article 39: The Security Council shall 
  
 
  




to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and
shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in
accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international
peace and security.
V Article 43: „
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   , on its call
and in accordance with a special agreement or agreements, armed
forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary
for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.
V Article 47: There shall be established a
 

 

  

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advise and assist the Security Council on all questions relating to the
Security Council's military requirements for the maintenance of
international peace and security, the employment and command of
forces placed at its disposal, the regulation of armaments, and possible
V Propounded by President of U.S., Monroe.
V President T. Roosevelt called it as cardinal feature of America
Foreign Policy.
V Monroe Declaration 1823: basically this declaration is in form of
two principles (1) non-colonisation principle and (2) non-
intervention principle.
V (1) the States of America Continent would not be made subject of
colonisation in future. (non-colonisation principle).
V (2) America will not interfere in the mutual wars of European
States nor will it tolerate any interference in the domestic affairs.
(Non-intervention principle).
V (3) if European States interfere in the affairs of American
Continent, America would consider it as an unfriendly act and
necessary action would be taken. (Non-intervention principle).
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