Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
NEUROMUSKULER
BAMBANG SOEMANTRI
Basement Membrane
Basal lamina
from epithelial cells
collagen fibers
Reticular lamina
secreted by
connective tissue
cells
reticular fibers
holds cells to
connective tissue
guide for cell
migration
during
3
Types of Epithelium
Covering and lining epithelium
epidermis of skin
lining of blood vessels and ducts
lining respiratory, reproductive, urinary
& GI tract
Glandular epithelium
secreting portion of glands
thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands
Shina ALagia 2005
Classification of Epithelium
Classified by arrangement of cells into
layers
Naming Epithelium
First name is the number of layers in
the tissue (simple, stratified,
pseudostratified)
Middle name is the cell shape of the
tissue (I.e. flat, cubed, column)
Last name is the tissue type which is
epithelium
Sometimes we add a modifier in the
beginning i.e. ciliated
6
Simple Squamous
Epithelium
Simple Squamous
Epithelium
Examples of Simple
Squamous
Surface view of
lining of peritoneal
cavity
Section of
intestinal showing
serosa
10
Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium
11
Nonciliated Simple
Columnar
Simple Columnar
Epithelium
Goblet cell
Microvilli
14
16
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Several cell layers
thick
Surface cells flat
Keratinized = surface
cells dead and filled
with keratin
skin (epidermis)
Nonkeratinized = no
keratin in moist living
cells at surface
Shina ALagia 2005
mouth, vagina
17
Example of Stratified
Squamous
Section of vagina
Shina ALagia 2005
18
Stratified Squamous
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Stratified Cuboidal
Epithelium
Multilayered
Surface cells
cuboidal
Shina ALagia 2005
Stratified Cuboidal
Epithelium
Stratified Columnar
Epithelium
Multilayered
Surface cells columnar
Rare (very large ducts & part of male
urethra)
22
Transitional Epithelium
Multilayered
Surface cells varying in shape
from round to flat if stretched
Lines hollow organs that
expand from within (urinary
bladder)
Shina ALagia 2005
23
Transitional Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar
25
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Cilia
Goblet cell
Basal cell
Glandular Epithelium
Derived from epithelial cells that sank below the
surface during development
Exocrine glands
cells that secrete---sweat, ear wax, saliva, digestive
enzymes onto free surface of epithelial layer
connected to the surface by tubes (ducts)
unicellular glands or multicellular glands
Endocrine glands
secrete hormones into the bloodstream
hormones help maintain homeostasis
27
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Function of connective
tissue
Providing structural support
Serving s a medium for exchange
Aiding in the defense and protection
of the body
Forming a site for storage of fat
Medium of exchange
Metabolite waste
Nutrients
oxygen
Connective Tissue
3 basic elements: Cells, ground
substance, fibers
Matrix = ground substance and
fibers
Fibers, 3 types:
CoLLagen- thick, found in bone, cartilage,
ligaments, tendons
Elastic- thin, found in skin, blood vessel walls,
lung
Reticular- medium sized, found in basement
membrane, organs
33
Connective Tissues
Cells rarely touch due to extracellular matrix
Matrix(fibers & ground substance) secreted
by cells
Consistency varies from liquid, gel to solid
Does not occur on free surface
Good nerve & blood supply except cartilage &
tendons
34
Cellular component
Fixed cells
Fibroblast
Adipose cells
Pericytes
Mast cells
Macrophage
Transient cells
Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Fibroblast:
Themost abundant cell type in the c.t,
are responsible for the synthesis of
aalmost all of the extracellular matrix
Pericytes:
Surround endothel;ial cells of capllaries
and small venules.
Adipose cells:
That function in the synthesis, storage
and release of fat.
Mast cells:
Arise from bone marrow stem cells and
function in mediating the inflamatory process
and immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Macrophage:
Belong to the mononuclear phagocytic
system and are subdivided into two groups of
cells, phagocytes ang antigen-presenting
cells
Plasma cells:
Are derived from B lyphocytes and
manufacture antibodies
Leukocytes:
Leukocytes;
Leukocytes exit the bloodstream during
inflamation, invasion by foreign
elements, and immune responses in
order to perform farious functions
Classification of connective
tissue
Embryonic c.t:
Mesenchymal c.t
Mucous c.t
Specialized c.t
Cartilage
Bone
blood
Embryonic connective
tissue
Mucous tissue
Loose, amorphous c.t
Jelly like matrix primarily composed of
hyaluronic acid
Colagen fibers and fibroblast
Areolar Tissue
Adipose tissue
Is classified into two types of
unilocular or multilocular according
to :
whether it is composed
Color
Vascularity
Metabolic activity
Adipose Tissue
Adipose Tissue
52
Reticular tissue
Reticular Tissue
58
MUSCLE
responds
to
certain
stimuli
transmission of action potentials
by
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
returns
to
original
contraction or extension
shape
after
Skeletal
muscle
muscle
Sarcolemma
Transverse tubules
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Sarcoplasm
myoglobin
Multiple nuclei
Myofibrils
Other organelles
Skeletal Muscle
The sarcomere
Myofibrils
compartmentali
sed into
sarcomeres.
The sarcomere
Myofibrils
compartmentali
sed into
sarcomeres.
Regulatory proteins
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Neuromuscular junction
Neuromuscular junction
terminal
and
muscle
fibre sarcolemma
Acetylcholine released at
junction
Depolarises
sarcolemma leading to
generation of muscle
action potential
Contraction of skeletal
muscle
Skeletal muscle
contracts
according to
the sliding
filament theory
Motor unit
Motor unit
motor neuron and
the muscle fibres it
stimulates.
Number of fibres in a
motor unit variable
All fibres within motor
unit same type
Muscle fibres typically
dispersed throughout
muscle
Motor unit
All-or-none principle
all fibres in motor unit contract maximally
or not at all
Hennemans size principle
Motor units recruited according to size of
motor neuron
Size of motor axon related to number of
muscle fibres it innervates and size of cell
body within spinal cord
Smaller motor units recruited first (i.e.
generally slow twitch)
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle tissue
found only in the walls
of the heart
Fibres
contain single central
nucleus.
branch freely connected via gap
junctions.
have very high aerobic
capacity
Contract according to
sliding filament theory
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth
muscle
Single-unit
Autorhythmic
Coupled by gap junctions
contract synchronously
Located in walls of small
arteries, hollow organs etc
Multi-unit
independent innervated
fibres
Located in walls of large
arteries, airways of lungs,
arrector pili, ciliary body
that adjusts lens in eye etc
Smooth Muscle
Characteristics of smooth
muscle
Contraction and relaxation of
smooth muscle fibres slower and
longer lasting compared with
skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle can shorten and
stretch to a greater extent than
other muscle types
Contraction of smooth
muscle
Contraction of smooth
muscle
pH
O2 and CO2 levels
Temperature
Ion concentrations