Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MILITARY
ADVENTURISM
PREPARED BY:
LALAINE CASTILLO-CADUSALE
MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
What is Dictatorship?
Dictatorshipis aform of governmentwhere a country (or group of countries) is
ruled by one person or political entity, and exercised through various mechanisms
to ensure the entity's power remains strong.
A dictatorship is a type ofauthoritarianism, in which politicians regulate nearly
every aspect of the public and private behavior of citizens. Dictatorships and
totalitarianism generally employ political propaganda to decrease the influence of
proponents of alternative governing systems, as is the nature of nationalism of any
governing system.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, traditionalmonarchiesgradually declined and
disappeared. Dictatorship andconstitutional democracy emerged as the world's two
majorforms of government.
Dictatorship Classification
Military dictatorship - "arbitrator" and "ruler" types may be distinguished; arbitrator
regimes are professional, civilian-oriented, willing to give up power once problems
have been resolved, and support the existing social order; "ruler" types view
civilians as incompetent and have no intention of returning power to them, are
politically organized, and have a coherent ideology.
Civil-military dictatorship - an example is theCivic-military dictatorship of Uruguay.
One-party state - "weak" and "strong" versions may be distinguished; in weak oneparty states, "at least one other actor eclipses the role of the party (like a single
individual, the military, or the president)."Joseph Stalinera inSoviet
Union[26]andMao Zedongera inChinacan be given as example.
Hybrid - some combination of the types above.
Origins of Power
Family dictatorship- inheriting power through family ties
Military dictatorship- through military force orcoup d'etat. In Latin America,
military dictatorships were often ruled by committees known asmilitary juntas.
Constitutional dictatorship- dictatorial powers provided for by constitutional means
(often as a provision in case of emergency)
Self-coup- by suspending existing democratic mechanisms after attaining office by
constitutional means.
Types of Dictatorship
Stable dictatorship
Astable dictatorshipis a dictatorship that is able to remain in power for long periods. The
stable dictatorship theory concerning theSoviet Unionheld that after the succession crisis
followingJoseph Stalin's death, the victorious leader assumed the status of a Stalinist dictator
without Stalin'sterror apparatus.Chileand Paraguaywere considered to be stable
dictatorships in the 1970s.
It has been argued that stable dictatorships behave differently than unstable dictatorships.
For instance, Maria Brouwer opines that "expansionarypolicies can fail and undermine the
authority of the leader. Stable dictators, would therefore, be inclined to refrain frommilitary
aggression. This applies toimperial China,ByzantiumandJapan, which refrained from
expanding their empire at some point in time. Emerging dictators, by contrast, want to win
the peoples support by promising them riches from appropriating domestic or foreign wealth.
They have not much to lose from failure, whereas success could elevate them to positions of
wealth and power."
Types of Dictatorship
Benevolent dictatorship
Abenevolent dictatorshipis a theoretical form ofgovernmentin which
anauthoritarianleader exercises absolute political power over the state but is seen to
do so for the benefit of the population as a whole. A benevolent dictator may allow for
someeconomic liberalizationordemocratic decision-makingto exist, such as through
publicreferendaor elected representatives with limited power. It might be seen as a
republican form ofenlightened despotism.
The label has been applied to leaders such asMustafa Kemal Atatrk(Turkey), Josip
Broz Tito(Yugoslavia), Lee Kuan Yew(Singapore), Abdullah II of Jordan,Paul
Kagame(Rwanda), andQaboos bin Said al Said(Oman).
Types of Dictatorship
Elective dictatorship
An"elective dictatorship"(also calledexecutive dominanceinpolitical science) is a
phrase popularised by the formerLord Chancellorof the United Kingdom, Lord Hailsham, in a
Richard Dimbleby Lecture at the BBC in 1976. The phrase is found a century earlier, in
describingGiuseppe Garibaldi's doctrines, and was used by Hailsham (then known as Quintin
Hogg) in lectures in 1968 and 1969. It describes the state in whichParliamentis dominated by
the government of the day.
It refers to the fact that the legislative programme of Parliament is determined by the
government, and government bills virtually always pass theHouse of Commonsbecause of the
nature of the majoritarianfirst-past-the-postelectoral system, which almost always produces
strong government, in combination with the imposition ofparty disciplineon the governing
party's majority, which almost always ensures loyalty. In the absence of a codified constitution,
this tendency toward executive dominance is compounded by theParliament Actsand
Salisbury Convention which circumscribe theHouse of Lordsand their ability to block
government initiatives.
Types of Dictatorship
Fascism dictatorship
Fascismis a form of radicalauthoritariannationalism that came to prominence in early 20thcentury Europe, influenced bynational syndicalism. Fascismoriginated inItalyduringWorld
War Iandspread to other European countries. Fascism
opposesliberalism,Marxismandanarchismand is usually placed on thefar-rightwithin the
traditionalleftright spectrum.
Fascists sawWorld War Ias arevolutionthat brought massive changes in the nature of war,
society, the state, and technology. The advent oftotal warand total mass mobilization of
society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military
citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during
the war.The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of
people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics to support
them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.
Types of Dictatorship
Stalinism dictatorship
Stalinismis the means of governing and related policies implemented byJoseph Stalin.
Stalinist policies in theSoviet Unionincludedstate terror, rapidindustrialization, the theory
ofsocialism in one country, acentralized state, collectivization of agriculture,cult of
personalityin leadership, and subordination of interests of foreign communist parties to
those of theCommunist Party of the Soviet Uniondeemed by Stalinism to be the most
forefrontvanguard partyof communist revolution at the time.
What is Military
Adventurism?
It is a Republican euphemism for starting a war of aggression, the "supreme war
crime.
A war of aggression, sometimes also war of conquest, is a military conflict
waged without the justification of self-defense, usually for territorial gain and
subjugation. The phrase is distinctly modern and diametrically opposed to the prior
legal international standard of "might makes right", under the medieval and prehistoric beliefs of right of conquest. Since the Korean War of the early 1950s,
waging such a war of aggression is a crime under the customary international law.
Possibly the first trial for waging aggressive war is that of the Sicilian king Conradin
in 1268.
April 1987
Thirteen armed enlisted men crash through the gates of Fort Bonifacio. They free 42 imprisoned
soldiers and hold 120 people, including four colonels, hostage. One rebel sergeant is killed and
four others are wounded in the ensuing firefight. The mutineers surrender after eight hours.
Dubbed the Black Saturday Incident, what happened was more of an attempted jailbreak than a
mutiny.
August 1987
Rebel officers, led by charismatic Colonel Gregorio Gringo Honasan, occupy army headquarters
as part of an attempted military coup. Fifty-three people are killed and 358 are wounded before
the rebels are defeated after 18 hours.
ENERGY CRISIS
9. Wars and Attacks: Wars between countries can also hamper supply of energy
specially if it happens in Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait,
UAE or Qatar. Thats what happened during 1990 Gulf war when price of oil reached
its peak causing global shortages and created major problem for energy consumers.
10. Miscellaneous Factors: Tax hikes, strikes, military coup, political events,
severe hot summers or cold winters can cause sudden increase in demand of
energy and can choke supply. A strike by unions in an oil producing firm can
definitely cause an energy crisis.
Lighting Controls: There are a number of new technologies out there that make
lighting controls that much more interesting and they help to save a lot of energy
and cash in the long run. Preset lighting controls, slide lighting, touch dimmers,
integrated lighting controls are few of the lighting controls that can help to
conserve energy and reduce overall lighting costs.
Easier Grid Access: People who use different options to generate power must be
given permission to plug into the grid and getting credit for power you feed into it.
The hassles of getting credit of supplying surplus power back into the grid should
be removed. Apart from that, subsidy on solar panels should be given to encourage
more people to explore renewable options.
Energy Simulation: Energy simulation software can be used by big corporates
and corporations to redesign building unit and reduce running business energy cost.
Engineers, architects and designers could use this design to come with most
energy efficient building and reduce carbon footprint.
Perform Energy Audit: Energy audit is a process that helps you to identify the
areas where your home or office is losing energy and what steps you can take to
improve energy efficiency. Energy audit when done by a professional can help you
to reduce your carbon footprint, save energy and money and avoid energy crisis.
REFERENCES
http://www.meister-solar.com/2015-energy-crisis-philippines-solar-energy-modelfuture/
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-solutions-to-the-global-energycrisis.php
http://www.napocor.gov.ph/index.php/infographics/energy-sources-in-the-philippines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship
http://pcij.org/blog/2007/11/30/a-continuing-saga-of-military-adventurism