Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ravi Agarwal
Sr professor (S&T)
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ENGINEERING
STAFF
ENGINEERING TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL
STAFF
ADDITIONAL MEMBER
(SIGNAL)
ADDITIONAL MEMBER
(TELECOM)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
(SIGNAL)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
(TELECOM)
DIRECTOR (SIGNAL)
DIRECTOR (TELECOM)
FC
FC
CE
CE
COM
COM
CSTE/C
CE/C
DY.CSTE/C
SR.DSTE/C
DSTE/CN,ASTE/C
CAO/C
FA&CAO/C
DY.CSTE/C/HQ
SSTE/C/HQ
Sr.DME
Sr.DME
Sr.DSTE / DSTE
ASTE
SUPERVISOR
DSC
DSC
TELEPHONE
SUPDT.
CHIEF DMAN
OFFICE
SUPDT.
JUNIOR
ENGG.
Sr.SECTIONAL
ENGG.
SECTIONAL
ENGG.
Fail Safe
All Signalling Systems, equipments and
components have to be fail safe.
Failure of any signalling equipment or component should
result in signal displaying most restrictive information i.e.
DANGER
Reliability
Reliability of signalling equipment : a very important
requirement. In one of the busiest suburban sections of
the World, (Mumbai) 2200 trains are running every day
because of advanced signalling systems & their reliability.
If reliability is poor, failures result, traffic gets
disrupted, Human Intervention is necessitated.
Simple
Unambiguous
Reliability
Maintainability
Availability
Safety
HISTORY OF RAILWAY
SIGNALLING
1825: FIRST RAILWAY LINE FOR GOODS
TRAFFIC WAS OPENED BETWEEN
DARLINGTON TO STOCKTON (U.K.)
UNIFORMED MEN ON HORSES GUIDED THE
TRAIN
HISTORY OF RAILWAY
SIGNALLING
1838 : POLICEMEN WERE REPLACED BY FIXED
MECHANICAL SIGNALS
Auxiliary
Warning
System
Track Circuit
Interlocking
Space Interval System
Time Interval System
First Train: Darlington Stockton
1825
1856
1872 1874
1906
Axle Counter
1853
1894
1920
System
Churchgate Virar Section
AWS : On WR:
Churchgate Virar
Section
1970
1972
1987
2003
SIGNALLING- BASICS
Signal
Definitions
Basic Concept of Signalling
Signal Operation
Aspect of a Signal
The physical appearance of a signal
as seen by a driver is called the aspect
of a signal.
Aspect may be a position of the arm (0
degree, 45 or 90 degrees) of a semaphore
signal during day time or colour of the
roundel (red, yellow or green during night
time) or colour of a lens/LED in case of
colour light signals both during day and
night.
Indication
The information the aspect of signal
conveys is called the indication.
Two types of signals called stop signals
and permissive signals are used on
Indian Railways.
Stop signals can have a maximum of 4
Aspects and Permissive signals 3
Aspects.
Type of Signals
Fixed Signal
Hand Signal
Detonator Signal
Signal
Mechanical
Lower Quadrant
Upper Quadrant
Color Light
Semaphore Signals
LQ
MAUQ
Fixed Signal
Running Signal
Stop Signal
Permissive Signal
Subsidiary Signal
Stop Signal
Outer
Home
Starter
Advance Starter
INDICATION
ASPECT
STOP
CAUTION
STOP SIGNAL
PERMISSIVE
SIGNAL
STOP DEAD
NOT APPLICABLE
BE PREPARED TO
STOP
AT
NEXT
SIGNAL
BE PREPARED TO
STOP
AT
NEXT
SIGNAL
SPEED
PROCEED
SPEED
PROCEED
Permissive
Signals
do
not
ATTENTION BE PREPARED TO BE PREPARED TO
PASS NEXT SIGNAL
PASS NEXT SIGNAL
have
Stop
Aspect
AT
RESTRICTED
AT
RESTRICTED
PROCEED
Semaphore
'On'position
'Off' position
'Off' position
'Off' position
Permissive Signal
Distant
Warner
'On' position
'Off' position
Warner OFF
a post by itself
'On' position
'Off' position
'Off' position
1.5 M
Warner Signal
Lower Quadrant
Multiple Aspect Upper
Quadrant
Distant Signal
OR
Multiple Aspect Colour
Light Signalling
'Off' positon
Subsidary Signal
Calling On
Shunt
Repeater
Subsidiary Signal
1.
Calling on Signals
2.
Shunt Signals
3.
Repeating Signals
Calling on Signals
1.
Placed below a Stop Signal governing the approach of
a train.
2.
3.
Taken OFF only after the train has been brought to a
stop. (Achieved by Track- circuit and Time-delay circuit).
Off' position
'Off' position
'Off' position
Shunt Signal
Used for shunting
running train.
Miniature ARM
DISC
The position light type
'Off' positon
ASPECT:
Stop
'Off' position
Proceed slow
ASPECT:
Stop
'Off' positon
Proceed slow
An arm type.
2.
ASPECT:
Signal 'On'
Signal 'Off'
'Off' position
Hand Signal
Day- Flag
Night-Light
Stop hand signal
Day-Red Flag
Night-Red light
Proceed hand signal
Day-Green Flag
Night-Green light
Hand signal
Proceed with caution Hand signal
Day-Waving green flag
Night-Waving green light
Hand signal for shunting
Move away
Day-Green flag moved up down
Night-Green light up down
Hand signal
Move toward
Day-Green flag side to side
Night-Green light side to side
Hand signal
Move slowly
Day-Red and Green flag held above head
Night-Green light Held above head
Detonating Signal
Fog
Obstruction in line
Detonating Signal
Appliances fixed on Rail
When Engine or vehicle passes over
them,they explode
Detonating signal
Thick foggy weather
Two 10 mt apart
270 mt from signal concerned
In case of obstruction
One at 600 mts from obstruction
Three at 1200 mts from obstruction 10 mts
apart
Possession of Signal
Guard
Driver
Station master
Gateman
Gangmates
block section
Means that portion of the running line
between two block stations onto which
no running train may enter until
Line Clear has been received from the
block station at the other end of the
block section
Station Section
STN B
Block Section
Station Section
station limits
means the portion of a railway which is under
the control of a Station Master and is situated
between the outermost signals of the station or
as may be specified by special instructions
LINE CLEAR
Permission obtained from the station ahead for
despatching a train in the Block section
authority to proceed
means the authority given to the Driver of a
train under the system of working, to enter
the block section with his train
Authority to Proceed
The line clear which is the permission to enter a
block section is obtained by operating staff.
( Station Master)
Authority to proceed is the means adopted to
convey this information to a driver.
This may be
(i) in the form of tangible authority viz. token,
which is tied in a pouch and handed over to the
driver,
(ii) clearing of a signal, called Last Stop Signal
(iii) issue of paper line clear, when there is a
failure or the movement is not a normal
movement (in case of running a train in the
wrong line due to an accident on the normal line)
adequate distance
means the distance sufficient to ensure
safety
Overlap
Running Train
The running train is a train which has
started under an authority to proceed and
has not completed its journey.
Block
Overlap
MACLS: Multiple Aspect Colour Light Signalling
Signal Overlap
&
Meant
signal
Block
Signal
for
Point of
consideration
Overlap
distance
LQ - 400 m
MAUQ/MACLS180 m
Normally
for
Home
signals
(manual
sections)
From starters
(double lines)
LQ - 180 m
MAUQ/MACLS 120 m
All
signals
(Automatic
sections)
From
outermost
trailing point (single
line)
From next signal in
advance
120 m
Collision
Collision
POINT :
Point is a mechanism provided in the track to facilitate
diversion ( Engines donot have steering wheel as
available in motor cars)
Facing Point
Trailing Point
Pt.C
X
Point.A
Pt.B
Pt. A
for train X
Pt. B
for train Y
Pt. C
for train Z
Pt. B
for train Z
Point Operation
Safety considerations to be fulfilled in the operation of a
point especially facing point.
The considerations are i) A suitable means to set the point to one of the two
positions.
ii) A lock to prevent the movement of the switches due to
the vibration of train.
iii) To prevent the operation of point when it is occupied by
a vehicle.
iv) Means to ensure that closed switch is housed and locked
properly.
Warning Boards
Warning Board is an indication to the driver that he is
approaching the first stop signal. Since the Emergency
Braking Distances are different for passenger and goods
trains, there are two types of Warning Boards, one for
Passenger and the other for Goods trains.
The drivers are required to look for the signal
from the Warning Board. If the signal aspect is
not visible, the driver should immediately apply
brakes
STATIONS
Classification of stations.(1) Station shall for the purpose of these rules, be divided into
two categories-block station and non block stations.
(2) Block station are those at which the Driver must obtain an
authority to proceed under the system of working to enter the
block section with his train ; and under the Absolute Block
System consist of three classesClass 'A' stations - where Line Clear may not be given for a
train unless the line on which it is intended to receive the
train is clear for at least 400 meters beyond the Home signal,
or upto the Starter;
Class 'B' stations - where Line Clear may be given for a
train before the line has been cleared for the reception of the
train within the station section; and
Class 'C' stations - block huts, at which no trains are booked
to stop. This shall include an Intermediate Block Post.
(3) Non-block stations or Class 'D' stations are stopping places
which are situated between two consecutive block stations, and
do not form the boundary of any block section.
Classification of Stations
Station
Block Station
Driver must obtain an authority to
proceed enter the block section
with his train
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class 'B' stations - where Line Clear may be given for a train
before the line has been cleared for the reception of the train
within the station section
Class 'B' stations - where Line Clear may be given for a train
before the line has been cleared for the reception of the train
within the station section
Class B
L1
L2
L3
L1
L2
L3
MACLS
180 + 120
MACLS
180 + 120
MACLS
180 + 120
MACLS
L1
L2
180 + 120
L3
MACLS
L1
L2
180 + 120
L3
MACLS
L1
L2
180 + 120
L3
Added
Added
Isolation
Added
Isolation
:- In any station or yard there could be number of
simultaneous movements. These movements should not
interfere with each other. Besides, when loose vehicles
(vehicles not attached to an engine)could roll and
obstruct important lines, isolation is a method adopted
to protect important lines in a station/yard. The
important lines are those
(i) where speed is above 50 kmph,
(ii) all passenger lines as compared to goods lines/siding
and
(iii) goods lines as compared to sidings.
Rules of Isolation
There are three rules of isolation as given in Rules for
Opening Railways. These rules ensure the protection of
important lines. The rules are -
(i) The line on which speed is higher than 50 kmph should
be isolated from all other running lines.
(ii) All passenger lines irrespective of the speed should be
isolated from goods lines/sidings.
(iii) It is desirable to isolate goods lines from sidings.
Types of Braking Distances : The brakes can be applied suddenly or gradually. When the brakes are
applied suddenly, the braking distance required would be less but the
rate of deceleration may cause discomfort to passengers and in case of
freight trains, may damage the consignments. The braking distance
with sudden application of brakes is called Emergency Braking
Distance (EBD). The drivers are not supposed to apply sudden brake
application unless there is emergency. The drivers are normally
supposed to apply brakes gradually, so that the braking may not cause
discomfort to passengers. The braking distance obtained with gradual
application of brakes is called Service Braking Distance (SBD) or
Normal Braking Distance (NBD). SBD is 1.2 times EBD.
The intersignal distance is always based on Emergency Braking
Distance.
Reaction Time : When the driver approaches and observes a signal, he can not be
expected to instantaneously react to the aspect of a signal, but only
after some time. This time is called the reaction time. When the driver
is in the process of reacting to the aspect of a signal, the train is
running at maximum speed and distance covered during this reaction
time is called reaction distance (RD).
The reaction distance on Indian Railway is taken as 200 m. Reaction
Distance plays a crucial role while determining the minimum visibility
required for a signal.
400 M
400 M
400 M
200 M
: 400 M (An
200 M
Distant Signal
Inner Distant
Signal
Home
YY
YY
YY
G
Distant Signal
YY
Inner Distant
Signal
Home
YY
Y with Route
YY
Distant Signal
YY
Inner Distant
Signal
Home
YY
Y with Route
YY
Distant Signal
YY
Inner Distant
Signal
Home
YY
Y with Route
YY
Signalling Layouts
2 A LQ Single Line, B Class
15M
1000
M
1400
M
400 M
180M
400 M
15M
1000
M
1400
M
400 M
180M
400 M
MH
AS
15M
1000
M
1400
M
400 M
180M
400 M
MH
MS
AS
15M
1000
M
1400
M
400 M
180M
400 M
LH
LS
AS
15M
1000
M
1400
M
400 M
180M
400 M
MH
MS
AS
15M
1000
M
1400
M
400 M
400 M
180M
LH
LS
AS
UP DN
Common Loop
180M
DN Main
1400M
180M
UP Main
120M
UP Loop
Automatic Signalling
Essentials of the Automatic Block System on double line. (1) Where trains on a double line are worked on the Automatic Block System,
(a) the line shall be provided with continuous track circuiting or axle
counters
(b) the line between two adjacent block stations may, when required, be
divided into a series of automatic block signalling sections each of which
is the portion of the running line between two consecutive Stop signals,
and the entry into each of which is governed by a Stop signal, and
(c) the track circuits or axle counters shall so control the Stop signal
governing the entry into an automatic block signalling section that (i) the signal shall not assume an 'off' aspect unless the line is
clear not only upto the next Stop signal in advance but also for an
adequate distance beyond it, and
(ii ) the signal is automatically placed to 'on' as soon as it is
passed by the train.
Essentials of the Automatic Block System on single line.(1) Where trains on a single line are worked on the Automatic Block
System.(a) the line shall be provided with continuous track circuiting or axle
counters,
(b) the direction of the traffic shall be established only after Line
Clear has been obtained from the block station in advance.
(c) a train shall be started from one block station to another only after
the direction of traffic has been established.
(d) it shall not be possible to obtain Line Clear unless the line is clear,
at the block station from which Line Clear is obtained, not only upto
the first Stop signal but also for an adequate distance beyond it.
Automatic signal with a Gate and a Point :When there is a gate and a point in an automatic block
sections, two illuminated markers A and AG are provided.
The indications given by these marks are (i)
A marker is lit up
Signal works as an
automatic signal.
(ii)
AG marker is lit
up
Signal works as a
gate signal
A marker and AG
marker
extinguished
Signal works as a
manual signal
EBD 1 km
Caution Aspect (Y) - When one block section + overlap of 120 m is clear.
Attention Aspect (YY) - When two block section + overlap of 120 m are
clear.
Proceed Aspect (G) - When three block sections + overlap of 120 m are
clear.
EBD
EBD
EBD
EBD
Automatic
Signal
Y
G
Normal Aspect
Y
R
A Marker
Denotes fully
automatic
signal
Semi
Automatic
Signal
Route Indicator
Y
G
Y
Denotes semi
automatic
signal
Normal Aspect
A Sign
AG Sign
Calling ON
Shunt
Signal working
in Auto Mode
A: Points are
set & locked
A Sign
AG Sign
Calling ON
Shunt
Signal working
in Auto Mode
A: Points are
set & locked
A Sign
AG Sign
Calling ON
Shunt
A Sign
AG Sign
Calling ON
Shunt
Signal working
in Auto Mode
A: Points are
set & locked
A Sign
AG Sign
Calling ON
Shunt
Signal working
in Auto Mode
AG: Gate is
open or has
failed, Points
are set & locked
AG
A Sign
AG Sign
Calling ON
Shunt
Signal Failed,
Calling ON
Given
A Sign
AG Sign
Calling ON
Shunt
Shunt Signal
Given
A Sign
AG Sign
Calling ON
Shunt
I
N
C
O
R
R
A
AG
A
AG
E
C
T
I
N
C
O
R
R
E
C
C
T
SIGNAL OPERATION
Two Types of Signals: Semaphore and Colour light signals.
.
Double line sections with 25 kv electric traction, the
three sources of power are i) power tapped from Down Line - Normal source
ii) power tapped from Up Line - Standby source
iii) local power (power from Electricity Board or diesel
generator).
Single line sections with 25 kv electric traction
i) power tapped from Up/Down line - Normal source
ii) local power (EB)
iii) diesel generator
Sections without electric traction
i) local power - Normal traction
ii) 2 - diesel generators
Indoor
Relays
Outdoor
Relays
12/24/60V
~
=
12/24/60V
110 V
Points
~
=
~
=
DBBC
24 V
Up Side
Axle
Block
Counter Line
Transformers
Signal Lighting
Transformers
Track feed
Chargers
~
=
DBBC
Up Side Dn Side
Block
Block
Local
Line
=
Dn Side
Block
Local
AC Power
Source
230 V AC BUS
Voltage
Regulator
Transformers
SM Panel
Indication
1KVA
110 VDC
=
Transformers
230/110V
Track Feed
Chargers
Status
Monitoring
in ASMs
room
Transformers
230/110V Signals
110 V DC BUS
300 AH
Battery
Bank
DC - DC
Converters
(With standbys)
To different DC Circuits
110V DC
Pt. Machine
~~
~
Transformers
Track Ckts.
CVT
Battery
Inverters
Auto
Change
Over
DC-DC
Converter
Signals DC Loads
Advantages of IPS
There is no need to run DG at PI Stn in Non-RE
area if the commercial power is available for an
average of 7-8 hours/day.
No blank signals.
Availability & reliability is very high
Maintenance requirement is very low including
that of battery & DG sets.
Advantages of IPS
Saving in Power - Power consumed by IPS is
same as the power consumed by existing
conventional power supply system.In the existing
installations the DG set is required to run for an
average of 6 hours/day (Cost of diesel for running
of DG set is approximately Rs. 72,500/- per
year/station.
ESSENTIALS OF INTERLOCKING
Interlocking is a safety arrangement to ensure that points,
signals and other connected equipments are operated in a
predetermined sequence.
Four Essentials of the Interlocking stipulated in the Signal
Engineering Manual :
1. Route Setting
It should not be possible to take off a signal unless the
Route is properly set.
Route setting involves (1) setting of all points viz. facing,
trailing and isolation, (2) locking the facing points in case of
rod operated points, locking all points in case of D.W. or
electrically operated points, (3) closing and locking the
interlocking level crossing gate against road traffic, not only
for the line on which the train is going to run but also for
the signal overlap.
2. Route Holding
It should not be possible to change a point, unlock a facing
point (in case operated by rodding), unlock any point (in
case operated by D.W. or electrically), unlock level crossing
gate in the route or the signal overlap portion unless the
signal is replaced to ON.
This condition is called route holding condition and ensures
that the route set for a signal remains in tact as long as
signal is Off.
3. Conflicting Signals to be
locked
Interlocking
Table
Track Circuits
Track circuit was first invented in the year 1872 in U.S.A.
by William Robinson.
Since this arrangement was very simple, nobody would
have thought that the track circuit would make such an
impact on signalling.
Track circuit has become one of the most important safety
devices in Railway signalling and has become an essential
and integral part of modern signalling systems.
Track Circuit consists of the following components :1) To ensure that the flow of current is restricted to a
particular section, insulated joints are provided at both
ends of the section. The insulated joints consists of
insulating material made of Nylon 66, which prevents the
flow of current between rail to rail, fish bolt to rail, fish bolt
to fish plate and fish plate to rail of the adjacent rail joints.
2) Rails of 13 m standard length are provided in most of the
stations and they are joined together by fish plates. The fish
plates do not provide reliable electrical connection and
hence they are bridged by two mild steel wires to get good a
electrical connection. These wires are called bond wires.
3) The current is passed by means of battery (2v) at one
end and current is regulated by a resistance.
4) The current at the other end is sensed by a device called
Relay.
Automatic
Warning at
LC Gates
FrequencyTrackCircuits)
Upper Quadrant
Distant 45 Degree
any one of the Loop Home Signal
90 degree Main Home Signal
Main Home
Same as LQ Main/Home
BLOCK INSTRUMENTS
The trains are run with space interval systems, maintaining
definite distance between two trains. The equipments
provided at stations for ensuring space interval system of
working are called 'Block Instruments'.
Block instruments provided can be classified into two
categories viz. (i) Cooperative and (ii) Non-cooperative type.
All single line token instruments (Daido Make and
non-cooperative type.
condition.
(iii) The last stop signal can again be lowered for a second train only
after the first train clears the block overlap at the receiving station, all
reception signals are replaced to ON at the receiving station, the block
instruments are normalized and again fresh line clear granted.
The instruments remain blocked till these conditions are satisfied.
Double line Block Instruments :Double line block instruments work on the lock and block
principle. They are non-cooperative type.
All the block operations are done at the receiving end. The
instrument is much simple to operate as compared to single
line block instruments. These instruments are called SGE
type instruments (Siemen's and General Electric).
Station Limits
station limits means the portion of a railway which is
under the control of a Station Master and is situated
between the outermost signals of the station
Classification of stations.(1) Station shall for the purpose of these rules, be divided into
two categories-block station and non block stations.
(2) Block station are those at which the Driver must obtain an
authority to proceed under the system of working to enter the
block section with his train ; and under the Absolute Block
System consist of three classesClass 'A' stations - where Line Clear may not be given for a
train unless the line on which it is intended to receive the
train is clear for at least 400 meters beyond the Home signal,
or upto the Starter;
Class 'B' stations - where Line Clear may be given for a
train before the line has been cleared for the reception of the
train within the station section; and
Class 'C' stations - block huts, at which no trains are booked
to stop. This shall include an Intermediate Block Post.
(3) Non-block stations or Class 'D' stations are stopping places
which are situated between two consecutive block stations, and
do not form the boundary of any block section.
Class 'B' stations - where Line Clear may be given for a train
before the line has been cleared for the reception of the train
within the station section
Class 'B' stations - where Line Clear may be given for a train
before the line has been cleared for the reception of the train
within the station section