Construction Materials and Technology LBC - NASA Training

Choice of
Building Materials, Methods &

Technologies
SOME ALTERNATIVES
By
K G Devapriyan
October 2013
A Glimpse...
India needs 19 million new houses.

About 60 million bricks are needed every
year for housing purposes alone.
160 million tons of top soil consumed,

making barren 3050 hectares of fertile land.
A 100 sqm house built using conventional

technologies consume 15.0 cum more sand as
against alternative techniques.
LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013
Impact of Building Industry

Building industry in itself accounts for
40% of worlds total materials and energy use,

30% of raw material consumption,
55% of the wood cut for non-fuel uses,
35% of worlds carbon dioxide emissions,
16% of fresh water withdrawal,
40% of municipal solid waste generation, and
50% ozone depleting CFCs.
30% of newly-built or -renovated buildings suffer from "sick building

syndrome," exposing occupants to stale or mold- and chemical-laden air
(World Watch Paper No. 124)
Focus on
Residences for Economically Weaker
Sections (EWS) to bungalows
Housing colonies, Social housing
Small to medium sized buildings
Educational and institutional campuses
Small scale infrastructure projects
Etc.
Components
Foundation
Superstructure: Walls, Openings, Roof
Finishes: Walls, Roof, Flooring
Miscellaneous works
Random rubble
Foundation
Foundation
45 cm wide foundation is
usually sufficient for one
or two storey buildings in
soils with 10Mt/sqm safe
bearing capacity.
Random rubble
Foundation
Dry stone masonry filled

with local soil
Stone masonry in mud
mortar
Bamboo, coconut piles
Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Bamboo,and
coconut
piles ResortFoundation
Beach
Lake
Foundation
Bamboo reinforced surface beams in lime concrete
Foundation
Foundation
Arch foundation
Foundation
Arch foundation
Foundation
Foundation
Mud foundation
Foundation
Under-reamed piles IS : 2911 ( Part III ) - 1980
Damp Proof Course (DPC)

Mix waste engine oil (25% of cement by
volume) in mortar for first course of
masonry
Wall
Overhanging roofs must

act as an umbrella
Protect the base of mud walls

from roof rain water splashing
up from the ground
Wall
Adobe
Wall
Wall
COB
COB
Wall
Cob
Wall
Wall
CEB
Compressed Earth
block used in a
very versatile
manner
Wall
Interlocking CEB
Auram machine
Hydraform machine
Wall
Stone
masonry
Wall
Articulated slender
masonry
Wall
Articulated slender
masonry
Houses
in halfbrick wall
Wall
Brick masonry in rat-trap bond
Wall
Brick masonry in rat-trap bond
Uses 425 bricks per cu.m as compared to

500 in conventinal masonry, also saves
mortar
Creates better thermal comfort due to
cavity
Aesthetic finish can be left exposed,
saves on external plaster
Tested and validated for 2-storeyed load
bearing construction by Anna University
Vertical conduiting can be run in the
cavity
Wall
Brick masonry in
rat-trap bond
Bricks, Blocks, Mortar, Concrete (PCC, RCC)

70.00%
fly ash
10.00%
lime
5.00%
Gypsum
15.00% Quarry Dust
FaL-G
patented invention of
Dr N Bhanumathidas
and N Kalidas,
INSWAREB, Eco
Carbon Private Ltd.
A CDM (Clean
Development
Mechanism)
Project with the
World Bank
IS
12894:1990
Specification
for Flyash
Lime bricks
Foundation, Wall
Reconstituted stone blocks /
Stone filler blocks
If small pieces of stone only

are available, reconstituted
stone blocks provides the
best alternative masonry
block. Can be used for
foundations and walls.
Waste material content 3040% by volume of block.

Validated by BMTPC,
IS 12440-1985
Foundation, Wall
Stone filler blocks
Fill in lean concrete in between

the stones and compact with
plate vibrator
Fill the stones 5070mm size
Wall

Stone filler blocks
Wall
Reconstituted stone blocks / Stone filler blocks
Buildings in stone facing concrete blocks in

Gujarat Anangpur Building Centre
Wall

Stone filler blocks
Housing in burnt bricks and

stone block masonry
EWS housing by
Awas Vikas Sansthan Jaipur
Spanning
Corbelled arches
Spanning
Masonry Arches
Spanning
Reinforced Brick Lintel
Openings
Frameless Doors and
Windows
Openings
Frameless Doors and
Windows
Door shutters made of
block-board, ply, particle
boards make good
alternatives to timber
door shutters.
Openings
Honeycomb Brickwork
Roof
Bamboo floor slab
Roof
Bamboo treatment tank

Boric Acid & Borax treatment
H3BO3 & Na2B4O710H2O
Roof
RCC filler slab
Roof
RCC filler slab
Roof
RCC filler slab
Roof
Office building
Ferrocement Channel
Cyclone resistant
housing Orissa
Canteen
parking shed
Rural house
A shell structure using bricks/ waste stone laid in a

doubly curved profile with a shallow rise at the
centre. An edge beam around the shell absorbs
lateral thrust.
Rise to span ratio 1:6. The layer is topped with
screed concrete and filled up with lightweight
material to get a flat roof.
Benefits
Roof
Funicular Shell
Utlizes waste material stone waste from cutting units

Can be constructed in a variety of shapes square, triangular,
trapezoidal, triangular.
Resource efficiency - ensures optimal utilization and reduction
of cement and steel
Flexibility in design - wall on upper floor can be placed
anywhere, since load is distributed equally in all directions
High aesthetics - tremendous potential for artistic expression
and craftsmanship
Roof
Funicular Shell
Funicular roof at Anangpur Building Centre
Section of a typical
funicular slab
restrained by edge
beams
Roof
Funicular Shell
Roof
Precast Funicular Shell

IS: 10505: 1983
Roof
Precast Brick Panels
IS 14142: 1994
IS 14143: 1994
Consists of precast/cast-in-situ RC ribs

110x200 mm2, spaced at 1200 mm/cc with
50 mm thick cast in-situ RC flange above. Thin
Roof
RCC Ribbed Slabs
In case of heavily loaded floors and roof,

the size and reinforcement of the ribs and
flanges are increased appropriately.
Its use effects saving of 22% in overall
cost.
Extensively used for cost-effective housing.

Machine available.
Developed by CBRI, Roorkee
National standards IS 13990:1994 (SP)
IS 13994:1994
Finishes
Exposed masonry with pointed finish
Non erodable mud plaster
Lime plaster
Lime-cement combination plaster
Natural extracts as paint (cashew oil,
bees wax, linseed oil)
Clay with adhesives as paint
Lime wash
Finishes
Exposed brick masonry
with flush pointed finish
Finishes
Exposed FaL-G masonry
with flush pointed finish
Flooring
Ordinary cement floors over brick-bat /

rammed laterite soil.
Flooring
Terracotta tiles
Electric wiring
Minimise length of cables.
Location of points.
Ensure reliable earthing.
Sanitation
Twin leach pit latrines
Compost toilets (dry)
Bio-digestors
Leach pit
Bio-digestor
Bio-digestor
Bio-digestor
Bio-digestor
Waste management
Duck weed treatment for waste water
Treatment using constructed wetlands for
waste water
Segregation at source
Vermiculture
Recycling
Rainwater harvesting
Acknowledgement
Dr. Laurie Baker pioneered the cost effective movement in India

and his ideas and sketches from various COSTFORD booklets,
have been liberally used in the preparation this presentation.
Also, information and photographs from many involved individuals
and organisations from all across India have been used in this
presentation.
Spirit and Place by Christopher Day

Construction Materials and Technology LBC - NASA Training

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Choice of

Building Materials, Methods &

India needs 19 million new houses.

160 million tons of top soil consumed,

A 100 sqm house built using conventional

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Impact of Building Industry

40% of worlds total materials and energy use,

30% of newly-built or -renovated buildings suffer from "sick building

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Dry stone masonry filled

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bamboo, coconut piles

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bamboo, coconut piles

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bamboo, coconut piles

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bamboo, coconut piles

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bamboo, coconut piles

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bamboo, coconut piles

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bamboo reinforced surface beams in lime concrete

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bamboo reinforced surface beams in lime concrete

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bamboo reinforced surface beams in lime concrete

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Under-reamed piles IS : 2911 ( Part III ) - 1980

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Damp Proof Course (DPC)

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Overhanging roofs must

Protect the base of mud walls

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Brick masonry in rat-trap bond

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Brick masonry in rat-trap bond

Uses 425 bricks per cu.m as compared to

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Bricks, Blocks, Mortar, Concrete (PCC, RCC)

15.00% Quarry Dust

If small pieces of stone only

Waste material content 3040% by volume of block.

LBC NASA Exposure Programme 2013

Fill in lean concrete in between