3.

LIQUID FUELS
Topics:
Various type of liquid fuels
Properties
Handling
Production

IMPORTANCE OF LIQUID FUELS

Widely used in Transport sector
Air
Road
Water surface
Rail
Also used in Industrial sector
Handling easier than solid fuels
Better combustion than solid fuels

LIQUID FUELS
PETROLEUM BASED
Available from Earth's crust
NON PETROLEUM
Biomass based-Biodiesel,
ethanol

PETROLEUM /CRUDE/CRUDE
PETROLEUM/OIL
A fossil fuel obtained from earth
crust
Not used directly
Less clearly understood than coal
Many theories have been put
forward but none proved
Formed from marine plant and
animal life
Backbone of any economy

History of Usage of Petroleum

1858: first oil drilled in Canada
1859: Edwin Drake, he was the first person in the

U.S. to drill for oil at Titusville, Pennsylvania

Initial cost: $20 per barrel, within three years
dropped to 10 cents
1901: Texas, Spindle top gushed 60 m high and gave
100,000 bbl a day
1882-1890, Dig boy, dig, shouted the Canadian
engineer, Mr W L Lake was on elephant
Seepage of oil and elephant feet were having black
stains
First refinery 1901 at Digboi

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF CRUDE

PETROLEUM
Carbon
83-87%
Hydrogen 10-14% (up to 5.5% in
coal)
Nitrogen
0.1-2%
Oxygen
0.1-1.5%
Sulfur
0.5-6%
Metals
<1000 ppm

CRUDE REFINING PROCESS

PETROLEUM BASED PRODUCTS

CNG (Methane + ethane, propane, butane, and
pentane)
LPG (propane C3H8 and butane C4H10)
Naphtha (also called NGL; BP 50 to 180 C)
Gasoline (Petrol or Motor spirit; BP 20 to 200 C)
Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF; BP 150 to 250 C)
Kerosene (BP 100 to 300 C)
Diesel oil (Blend, BP 200 to 350 C)
Gas oil (BP >350 C)
Lubricating oil
Light fuel oil
Heavy fuel oil
Mineral oils (transformer oil)
Petrolatum (semisolid jelly)
Road making bitumen or tar
Wax /pitch/coke

INDIAS OIL PRODUCTION AND

CONSUMPTION PATTERN

CONSUMPTION IN INDIA
(Million Tonnes)

2005- 200606
07
10.46 10.85
8.65
9.29

200708
12.17
10.33

200809
12.19
11.26

2011- Growt
12
h
13.12 25.49
12.82 48.24

Product
LPG
MS/Petrol
Naphtha/NG
L
12.19 13.89 13.29
13.88
10.24 -16.03
ATF
3.30
3.98
4.54
4.46
4.63
40.38
SKO/Kerose
ne
9.54
9.51
9.37
9.30
9.30
-2.48
HSDO
40.19 42.90 47.67
51.67
56.32 40.13
LDO
0.88
0.72
0.67
0.55
0.46
-48.24
Lubes/Greas
es
2.08
1.90
2.29
2.15
2.66
27.68
LSHS/HSHS
3.90
3.36
3.25
3.17
2.48
-36.37
LPG-liquefied
petroleum
gas; MS-motor
spirit;
gas
Bitumen
3.51
3.83
4.51
4.71 NGL-natural
4.92
40.22
liquid;
SKO-superior
OthersATF-aviation
27.65turbine
31.45fluid;
32.62
31.99 kerosene
32.86 oil;
18.82
HSDO-high speed
diesel oil; LDO-light diesel oil; LSHS-low
122.3
sulphur
; 131.67
HSHS-high
sulphur
heavy stock
; FO-fuel
TOTAL heavy stock
5
140.70
145.31
149.80
22.44
oil;

SHARE OF REVENUE FROM LIQUID

FRACTIONS

REFINING CAPACITY IN INDIA

Refining Capacity
India has been self
sufficient in refining
capacity since 2004
20 refineries in the
country (dominated by
PSUs, which together
own 74% of total
installed capacity
Current Installed
capacity stands at
around 180 MMTPA
Refining throughput
has surged due to
commissioning of
Reliance Jamnagar

REFINING CAPACITY IN INDIA

REFINING CAPACITY IN INDIA

(contd)
S.N
o.

NAME OF COMPANY

LOCATION

CAPACITY
(MMTPA)

1.

Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)

Guwahati, Assam

1.00

2.

IOC L

Barauni, Bihar

6.00

3.

IOC L

Koyali, Vadodara, Gujarat

4.

IOC L

Haldia, West Bengal

6.00

5.

IOC L

Mathura, Uttar Pradesh

8.00

6.

IOC L

Digboi, Assam

0.65

7.

IOC L

Panipat, Haryana

8.

IOC L

Bongaigaon, Assam

2.35

9.

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited

(HPCL)

Mumbai, Maharashtra

5.50

10.

HPCL, Visakh

Visakhapatnam, Andhra
Pradesh

7.50

11.

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited

(BPCL)

Mumbai, Maharashtra

12.

BPCL, Kochi

Kochi, Kerala

9.50

13.

Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited

(CPCL)

Manali, Tamil Nadu

9.50

14.

CPCL, Nagapattnam

Nagapattnam, Tamil Nadu

1.00

15.

Numaligarh Refinery Ltd.(NRL)

Numaligarh, Assam,

3.00

16.

Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd.

(MRPL)

Mangalore, Karnataka

9.69

17.

Tatipaka Refinery (ONGC)

Tatipaka, Andhra Pradesh

0.066

18.

Reliance Industries Ltd.; Private Sector

Jamnagar, Gujarat

33.00

19

Reliance Petroleum Limited; Private

Sector

Jamnagar, Gujarat

29.00

13.70

12.00

12.00

PLANNED CAPACITY
EXPANSIONS

S.
NO.

Name of the company

1.

Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL)

2.

IOCL

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Hindustan Petroleum Corporation

Limited (HPCL)
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation
Limited (HPCL)
Chennai Petroleum Corporation
Limited (CPCL)
BPCL, Kochi Refineries Ltd.
Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals
Ltd. (MRPL)
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation
Limited (ONGC)
Essar Oil Limited
TOTAL

Location of the
Refinery

Increase in
Capacity
(MMTPA)*

Panipat,
3.0
Haryana
Haldia,
1.5
West Bengal
Mumbai,
2.40
Maharashtra
Visakhapatnam,
2.50
Andhra Pradesh
Manali,
1.60
Tamil Nadu
Kochi,
2.0
Kerala
Mangalore,
5.31
Karnataka
Tatipaka,
0.066
Andhra Pradesh
Vadinar,
5.50
Gujarat
23.876 MMTPA (Million Metric Tonnes
Per Annum)

NEW REFINERIES PLANNED

UNDER PLAN
S.
No
Name of the Company
.
1. Indian Oil Corporation Limited
(IOCL)
2. Bharat Oman Refineries Limited
(BORL)
3. Hindustan Mittal Energy Limited
(HMEL)
4. Essar Oil Limited, (EOL)
5.

Nagarjuna Oil Corporation

Limited (NOCL)
TOTAL

Location of
the Refinery

Capacity
(MMTPA)

Paradip, Orissa

15

Bina, Madhya
6
Pradesh
Bathinda,
9
Punjab
Jamnagar,
18
Gujarat
Cuddalore,
6
Tamil Nadu
54 MMTPA (Million Metric
Tonnes Per Annum)

CRUDE PRICE AND PETROL PRICE

RELATIONSHIP
Crude price
($/B)

Petrol Price in
Mumbai (Rs/l)

2002

23.22

30.45

2003

27.51

36.11

2004

28.93

38.83

2005

42.17

43.23

2006

58.01

49.16

2007

64.15

49.53

2008 (Feb)

106.27

50.51

2008 (Jul)

140.23

55.04

2011 (Jul)

112.56

68.62

2014 (July)

105.82

81.75

2015 (Jan)

48.95

66.36

2016 (Jan
18)

28.41

66.65

Year

MAIN LIQUID FUELS IN TRANASPORT

SECTOR, (14-15)
1. High speed Diesel

: 67.88 MT

2. Motor spirit/gasoline/petrol: 19.30 MT

3. Aviation turbine fuel

: 5.48 MT

(includes refilling of foreign planes in India)

HSD : Buses, trucks, Diesel locomotives, DG sets,
cars, tanks,
tractors, harvesters, water pumping sets
etc.
MS

: Cars, motorcycles, mopeds, scooters etc.

ATF : Aircrafts, helicopters, fighters, trains, ships,

tanks,

TRANASPORT SECTOR: HSD

Diesel engine or compression-ignition (CI)
engine is an internal combustion engine
that uses the heat of compression to
initiate ignition to burn the fuel injected
into the combustion chamber
Rudolf Diesel, 1893
by 1898 millionaire
Compression ratio : 1:15
Cetane number
: min 46
Cetane + alphamethyl naphthaline
100
0
ASTM
: 4737 for Cetane number

TRANASPORT SECTOR: MS
Petrol engine or spark-ignition (SI) engine uses a
spark plug to ignite an air-fuel mixture.
Nikolaus Otto, 1876
Compression ratio
: 1:8
Octane number
: 88 and 91 (IOC Extra
premium)
Iso octane + n heptane
100
0
ASTM
: D613
Leaded petrol
: Tetraethyl lead (GM 1922)
Green MS
: Aromatics (benzene) added
ethanol (E85:15)

TRANASPORT SECTOR: ATF

ATF : Gas turbines ( Frank Whittle,
1941)
ASTM : D1655-08A

NON PETROLEUM LIQUIDS

Biodiesel
Ethanol
Methanol

BIODIESEL
A cleaner-burning, renewable and
domestically produced diesel fuel

Biodiesel can be made from various

oils: edible and nonedible viz:
jatropha, pongamia,
mustard, soybean, corn, sunflower,
animal fat, and even waste grease
Biodiesel is primarily sold as B20
(B20 is 20% biodiesel in 80% regular
Diesel)
U.S. Congress designated B20 as an

BIODIESEL (contd)
Highest performance fuel
No engine modifications required
Miscible with Diesel in all proportions
No additives required for mixing
Cleaner & healthier air
Higher cetane number
Rural economic development
Energy independence

BIO DIESEL AND ITS BENEFITS

Featur
es

Higher cetane
Greater lubricity
Superior detergency
Higher flash point

Benefi
ts

More mileage
Greater horsepower
Less smoke
Smoother running engines
Quicker starts
Longer engine life
Reduced maintenance

FROM THE FARMER TO THE

FUEL TANK
Oilseed
Meal
Energy Crop
R&D

Farming
Crushing

Biodiesel

Biodiesel Production
Glycerin

Market

Crop Oil

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY
TRANSESTERIFICATION
Basics :
Chemical reaction between vegetable oils or animal fat with alcohol
producing ethyl or methyl esters (Biodiesel) + glycerin (by-product)

Catalyst

Vegetabl
Glycerin
Alcohol
Biodiesel
e oil or
animal
Raw materials
fat
Vegetable oils (rapeseed, soya, sunflower, castor, palm, cotton,
peanut, others)
or animal fat
Alcohol (methanol or ethanol)
Catalysts (sodium hydroxide)

INDIAN COMPANIES IN BIODIESEL BUSINESS

D1 Oil (UK based)

Godrej Agrovet Ltd
Tata Motors
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd
Kochi Refineries Ltd
Biohealthcare Pvt Ltd
The Southern online Biotechnologies Ltd
Jain Irrigation System Ltd
Natural Bioenergy Ltd
Reliance Energy Ltd

ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)

Henry Ford designed the famed Model
T Ford to run on alcohol and he said it
was the fuel of the future in 1908.

ADVANTAGES OF ETHANOL
Renewable fuel
Zero Carbon Balance
Not dependent of petroleum
Large scale of production
No green house effect
High octane number
High miscibility with gasoline and it is a
perfect
substitute for tetraethyl lead
20-30% less CO due to oxygen content
SOx emissions negligible
SPM emissions low
Volatile organic compound (VOC)
reduction

DISADVANTAGES OF ETHANOL
Low heating value (70 % of
gasoline)
Ignition difficulty in winter
Metal corrosion
Effect on plastic and rubber
components

FUEL PROPERTIES
Parameters
Stoichiometric A/F ratio
Density (kg/m3)
RON
MON
Low heating value
(MJ/kg)
Heat of vaporization
(kJ/kg)
LHV of stoich. mixture

Gasolin Methan Ethano

e
ol
l
(CnH1.87n (CH3OH (C2H5O
)
)
H)
14.6
6.47
9.00
720-780
792
785
95
106
107
80-90
92
89
44

20

26.9

305

1,103

840

2.83

2.68

2.69

RAW MATERIALS FOR ETHANOL

Sugary materials: molasses, sugar
cane juice, fruits
Starch materials: corn, barley, rice,
wheat
Cellulosic materials: wood,
agricultural
residues-under R&D
1. Champagne:
Grapes
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Vodka/Gin: Apple/Grains
Rum:
Molasses
Beer:
Barley
Brandy: Distilled wine
Wines: Grapes and fruits
Whisky: Grains
Tequila: Agave (cactus like plant)
Feni/Fenny Cashew/Coconut

ETHANOL FROM MOLASSSES

1. Molasses: Fermentable
sugars
2. Yeast: Saccharomyces
cerevisiae or
Zymomonas mobilis

ENA: Extra Neutral

Alcohol

METHANOL
United States Auto Club: 1965
Formula one: gasoline
High octane number: RON of 107
and MON of 92
Not suitable for CI engines
Proven technology
Heating value half of gasoline
No engine modification required

METHANOL (contd)
Methanol economy: in 2005 by George A.
Olah Nobel Prize (1994)
Methanol: as gasoline
supplement/replacement
Direct : DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)
Indirect : Hydrogen

Fuel Cells

METHANOL PRODUCTION
ROUTES

Wood pyrolysis

Syn gas: through

wood/biomass gasification