RPDIR-L03 Biological Effects WEB

IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
RADIATION PROTECTION IN
DIAGNOSTIC AND
INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
L 3: Biological effects of ionizing radiation
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
Introduction
Subject matter: radiobiology
The mechanisms of different types of
biological effects following exposure to
ionizing radiation
Types of models used to derive risk
coefficients for estimating the detriment
IAEA
3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation
Topics
Classification of radiation health effects

Factors affecting radio sensitivity
Dose-effect response curve
Whole body response: acute radiation
syndrome
Effects of antenatal exposure and delayed
effects of radiation
Epidemiology
IAEA
Overview
To become familiar with the mechanisms of
different types of biological effects following
exposure to ionizing radiation. To be aware
of the models used to derive risk coefficients
for estimating the detriment.
IAEA
Part 3: Biological effect of ionizing

radiation
Topic 1: Classification of radiation health effects
IAEA
Radiation health effects

TYPE
OF
EFFECTS
CELL DEATH
CELL TRANSFORMATION
DETERMINISTIC
STOCHASTIC
Somatic
Clinically attributable
in the exposed
individual
somatic & hereditary
IAEA
epidemiologically
attributable in large
populations
BOTH
ANTENATAL
somatic and
hereditary expressed
in the foetus, in the live
born or descendants
Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Deterministic
e.g. Lens opacities, skin
injuries,
infertility, epilation, etc
Stochastic
Cancer, genetic effects.
IAEA
Deterministic effects
Deterministic
(Threshold or nonstochastic)
Existence of a dose
threshold value (below
this dose, the effect is
not observable)
Severity of the effect
increases with dose
A large number of cells
are involved
IAEA
Radiation injury from an industrial source
Threshold Doses for Deterministic Effects
Cataracts of the lens of the eye 2-10 Gy

Permanent sterility
males
females
3.5-6 Gy
2.5-6 Gy
Severity of
effect
Temporary sterility
males
females
0.15 Gy
0.6 Gy
dose
threshold
IAEA
Stochastic Effects
Stochastic(Non-Threshold)
No threshold
Probability of the effect increases with dose
Generally occurs with a single cell
e.g., cancer, genetic effects
IAEA
10
No change
DNA mutation
radiation
hit cell
nucleus!
DIRECTACTION
ACTION
DIRECT
INDIRECT
INDIRECTACTION
ACTION
Viable Cell
Mutation
repaired
Cell death
Unviable Cell
Cancer ?
DNA Mutation
Cell survives
but mutated
Outcomes after cell exposure
DAMAGE TO DNA
DAMAGE
REPAIRED
IAEA
CELL DEATH
(APOPTOSIS)
TRANSFORMED
CELL
16
DAMAGE TO DNA
DAMAGE
REPAIRED
CELL
NECROSIS
TRANSFORMED
CELL
OR
APOPTOSIS
IAEA
17
How DNA is
repaired ?
Altered base
Enzyme Glycosylases recognizes
lesion and releases damaged base
AP-endunuclease makes incision
and releases remaining sugar
DNA-polymerase fills resulting gap
but nick remains
DNA ligase seals the nick

Repair completed
DNA has been repaired with no
loss of genetic information
Repair of DNA damage

RADIOBIOLOGISTS
ASSUME THAT THE
REPAIR SYSTEM IS
NOT 100%
EFFECTIVE.
IAEA
20
ADAPTIVE
RESPONSE
Conditioning dose
Response
Challenging dose
Response
Conditioning dose
Challenging dose Response
DAMAGE TO DNA
DAMAGE
REPAIRED
IAEA
CELL
NECROSIS OR
APOPTOSIS
TRANSFORMED
CELL
22
Normal human
lymphocyte:
chromosomes
uniformly
distributed
Apoptotic cell:
chromosomes
and nucleus
fragmented
and collapsed
into apoptotic
bodies
Effects of cell death
100%
Probability of cell
death
Acute dose
(in mSv)
IAEA
5000
25
DAMAGE TO DNA
DAMAGE
REPAIRED
IAEA
CELL
NECROSIS OR
APOPTOSIS
TRANSFORMED
CELL
26
Chromosomal deletions
IAEA
27
Chromosomal translocations
IAEA
28
CANCER INITIATION
STEAM
CELL
TUMOR
PROMOTION
MALIGNANT
PROGRESSION
NECROSIS OR
APOPTOSIS
MUTATION
DIVISION
MALIGNANT
TRANSFOMATION
METASTASIS
NORMAL TISSUE
CELL INITIATION
An initiating event
creates a mutation in
one of the basal cells
DYSPLASIA
More mutations occurred.
The initiated cell has
gained proliferative
advantages.
Rapidly dividing cells
begin to accumulate
within the epithelium.
BENIGN TUMOR
More changes within
the proliferative cell
line lead to full tumor
development.
MALIGNANT TUMOR
The tumor breaks trough
the basal lamina.
The cells are irregularly
shaped and the cell line
is immortal. They have
an increased mobility
and invasiveness.
METASTASIS
Cancer cells break through
the wall of a lymphatic
vessel or blood capillary.
They can now migrate
throughout the body and
potentially seed new
tumors.
A simple generalized scheme for multistage oncogenesis
Damage to chromosomal DNA

of a normal target cell
Failure to correct
DNA repair
Appearance of specific
neoplasia-initiating mutation
Promotional growth
of pre-neoplasm
Conversion to overtly
malignant phenotype
Malignant progression
and tumour spread
Energy deposition
10-15
Excitation/ionization
Initial particle tracks
10-9
Radical formation
TIME (sec)
10-12
Diffusion, chemical reactions
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS
Initial DNA damage
10-6
10-3
1 ms
100
1 second
Repair processes
Damage fixation
PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS
DNA breaks / base damage
10
1 hour Cell killing
106
1 day Mutations/transformations/aberrations
Proliferation of "damaged" cells
1 year Promotion/completion
109
100 years
Timing of
events
leading to
radiation
effects.
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
Teratogenesis
MEDICAL EFFECTS
Cancer
Hereditary defects

radiation
Topic 2: Factors affecting the radiosensitivity
IAEA
Radiosensitivity [RS] (1)

RS = Probability of a cell,
tissue or organ of suffering
an effect per unit of dose.
Bergonie and Tribondeau
(1906): RS LAWS: RS
will be greater if the cell:
Is highly mitotic.
Is undifferentiated.
Has a high cariocinetic
future.
IAEA
40
Radiosensitivity (2)
High RS
Bone Marrow
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic
nodes
Gonads
Eye lens
Lymphocytes
Medium RS
Skin
Mesoderm
organs (liver,
heart, lungs)
Low RS
Muscle
Bones
Nervous
system
(exception to the RS laws)
IAEA
41
Physical
LET (linear energy transfer): RS
Dose rate: RS
Chemical
% survivor cells
Factors affecting the radiosensitivity
LET
LET
Increase RS: OXYGEN, cytotoxic drugs.

Decrease RS: SULFURE (cys, cysteamine)
Biological
G0
M
Cycle status:
G2
RS: G2, M
RS: S
G1
Repair of damage (sub-lethal damage
may be repaired e.g. fractionated dose)
IAEA
S
42

radiation
Topic 3: Dose-effect response curve
IAEA
Systemic effects
Effects may be morphological and/or functional
Factors:
Which Organ
How much Dose
Effects
Immediate (usually reversible): < 6 months e.g.: inflammation,
bleeding.
Delayed (usually irreversible): > 6 months e.g.: atrophy,
sclerosis, fibrosis.
Categorization of dose
< 1 Gy: LOW DOSE
1-10 Gy: MODERATE DOSE
> 10 Gy: HIGH DOSE
Regeneration means replacement by the original tissue while
Repair means replacement by connective tissue.
IAEA
44
Skin effects
Following the RS laws (Bergonie and
Histologic view of the skin
EPIDERMIS
Tribondeau), the most RS cells are

those from the basal stratum of the
epidermis.
Effects are:
Erythema: 1 to 24 hours after irradiation of
DERMIS
From Atlas de Histologia.... J. Boya
Basal stratum cells, highly

mitotic, some of them with
melanin, responsible of
pigmentation.
IAEA
about 3-5 Gy
Alopecia(*): 5 Gy is reversible; 20 Gy is
irreversible.
Pigmentation: Reversible, appears 8 days
after irradiation.
Dry or moist desquamation: traduces
epidermal hypoplasia (dose 20 Gy).
Delayed effects: teleangiectasia (**),
fibrosis.
(*):alopecia: loss or absence of hair

(**): ectasia: swelling of part of the body
45
Skin reactions
Injury
Early transient erythema
Temporary epilation
Main erythema
Permanent epilation
Dry desquamation
Invasive fibrosis
Dermal atrophy
Telangiectasis
Moist desquamation
Late erythema
Dermal necrosis
Secondary ulceration
IAEA
Threshold
Weeks to
Dose to
Onset
Skin (Sv)
2
3
6
7
10
10
11
12
15
15
18
20
<<1
3
1.5
3
4
>14
>52
4
6-10
>10
>6
Skin damage
from prolonged
fluoroscopic
exposure
46
Skin injuries
IAEA
47
Skin injuries
IAEA
48
Effects in eye
Histologic view of eye:
Eye lens is highly RS.

Coagulation of proteins
occur with doses
greater than 2 Gy.
There are 2 basic
effects:
Effect
From Atlas de Histologia.... J. Boya
Eye lens is highly RS,

moreover, it is surrounded by
highly RS cuboid cells.
IAEA
Detectable
opacities
Visual
impairment
(cataract)
Sv single brief
exposure
Sv/year for
many years
0.5-2.0
> 0.1
5.0
> 0.15
49
Eye injuries
IAEA
50

radiation
Topic 4: Whole body response: acute radiation
syndrome
IAEA
Whole body response: adult

Acute irradiation
syndrome
1-10 Gy
Steps:
10 - 50 Gy
Survival time
Chronic irradiation
syndrome
> 50 Gy
1. Prodromic
(onset of
disease)
2. Latency
3. Manifestation
BONE
MARROW
GASTRO
INTESTINA
L
CNS
Lethal dose 50 / 30
Mechanism:
Neurovegetative
disorder
Similar to a sick
feeling
Quite frequent in
fractionated
radiotherapy
(central nervous
system)
IAEA
Dose
52
Lethal dose 50 / 30
Dose which would
cause death to 50% of
the population in 30
days.
Its value is about 2-3
Gy for humans for
whole body irradiation.
IAEA
53

radiation
Topic 5: Effects of antenatal exposure and
delayed effect
IAEA
Effects of antenatal exposure (1)

As post-conception time increases RS decreases
It is not easy to establish a cause-effect relation because
there are a lot of teratogenic agents, effects are unspecific
and not unique to radiation.
There are 3 kinds of effects: lethality, congenital anomalies
and large delay effects (cancer and hereditary effects).
Congenital anomalies
Lethality
Pre-implantation
IAEA
Organogenesis
Foetus
Time
55

Lethal effects can be induced by relatively small
doses (such as 0.1 Gy) before or immediately after
implantation of the embryo into the uterine wall. They
may also be induced after higher doses during all the
stages during intra-uterine development.
%
0.1 Gy
Lethality
Time
Pre-implantation
IAEA
Organogenesis
Foetus
56

Mental retardation:
ICRP establishes that mental retardation can be induced
by radiation (Intelligence Quotient score < 100).
It occurs during the most RS period: 8-25 week of
pregnancy.
Risks of antenatal exposure related to mental retardation
are:
8-15 week
15-25 week
IAEA
Severe mental
retardation with a
risk factor of
Severe mental
retardation with a
risk factor of
0.4/Sv
0.1/Sv
57
Delayed effects of radiation

Classification:
SOMATIC: they affect the health of the
irradiated person. They are mainly different
kinds of cancer (leukemia is the most
common, with a delay period of 2-5 years,
but also colon, lung, stomach cancer)
GENETIC: they affect the health of the
offspring of the irradiated person. They are
mutations that cause malformation of any
kind (such as mongolism)
IAEA
58
Part 3: Biological effects of ionizing

radiation
Topic 6: Epidemiology
IAEA
Epidemiology I
Irradiated populations can be studied by
following cohorts of exposed and non-exposed
people
back-tracing patients suffering from the disease
with regard to possible exposure (case
controls)
IAEA
60
Epidemiology II
Irradiated populations are
people exposed from the atomic bomb
explosions
people exposed during nuclear and other
radiation accidents
patients exposed for medical reasons
people exposed to natural radiation
workers in radiation industries
IAEA
61
Epidemiology III
Most valid data come from high dose / high

dose rate exposure to low LET radiation,
including some radionuclides [iodine 131I],
and from high LET internal exposure to a
emitters in lung, bone and liver.
IAEA
62
Epidemiology IV
Information is scanty on:
Consequences of low doses delivered at low dose
rates
To detect an increase from a 20% spontaneous cancer

incidence to 25% (corresponding to an exposure to ~1
Sv) > 1300 persons must be studied
Consequences of external high LET radiation

(neutrons) and several radionuclides
Presence and influence of confounding factors

especially if different populations are to be compared
IAEA
63
Epidemiology V
Modifying influence of cancer background
incidence
does radiation-induced cancer increase at a fixed level
or in proportion to existing cancer additive vs.
multiplicative risk model ?
Is, for example, the risk greater in:

European women which have a higher background
breast tumor rate than Japanese women ?
Smokers exposed to radon in homes or mines than in
non-smokers ?
IAEA
64
Detectability limits in Radioepidemiology

10 4
REGION OF DETECTABILITY
Theoretical limit of detectability
due to statistical causes
(90% confidence interval)
EFFECTIVE DOSE (mSv)
10 3
10 2
101
CHERNOBYL
DOSES
10 0
10-1
10 0
REGION OF UNDETECTABILITY
101
10 2
10 3
10 4
105
106
107
108
109
10 10
Number of people in study and control groups
1011
High and Low Spontaneous Cancer

Rates Incidence (ICRP 105)
Tissue
High
Male / Female
Nasopharynx
23.3
Esophagus
20.1
Stomach
95.5
Colon
35.0
Liver
46.7
Lung+Bronchus 110.8
Skin melanoma 33.1
Breast female
Cervix
from UNSCEAR 2000
IAEA
9.5
8.3
40.1
29.6
11.5
29.6
29.8
103.7
53.5
Low
Male /Female
0.2
0.5
5.2
1.8
0.7
10.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
2.2
1.3
0.3
2.4
0.2
14.6
3.0
66
Data on irradiated populations

Population
Approximate Size
Atomic bomb survivors Japan:

86 000
Atomic tests:Semipalatinsk/Altai
30 000
Marshallese islanders
2 800
Nuclear accidents: intervention teams Chernobyl (total)
> 200 000
2 137
population Chernobyl (>185 kBq /m
Cs)
1 500 000
population Chelyabinsk (total)
70 000
Medical procedures:
low LET
iodine treatment and therapy
~ 70 000
chest fluoroscopy
64 000
children hemangioma treatment
14 000
high LET thorotrast angiography
4 200
Ra-224 treatment
2 800
Prenatal exposure (fetal radiography, atomic bombs)
6 000
Occupational exposure: workers nuclear industry (Japan, UK) 115 000
uranium miners
21 000
radium dial painters
2 500
radiologists
10 000
Natural exposure (Chinese, EC and US studies)
several 100 000
IAEA
67
Populations Studied for Specific

Cancers (I)
Leukemia: atomic bomb survivors,
radiotherapy for ankylosing spondylitis and

cervix cancer, radiologists, people at the
Majak plant, Chelyabinsk and the Techa
river, prenatal radio-diagnostics (Oxford
survey)
Lung cancer: atomic bomb survivors,
uranium and other miners in USSR,
Canada, USA, Germany, Sweden
IAEA
68
Populations Studied for Specific

Cancers (II)
Breast cancer: atomic bomb survivors,
fluoroscopy TB patients, radiotherapy mastitis
Thyroid cancer: radiotherapy thymus
enlargement, tinea capitis skin hemangioma,
fallout at Marshall islands, children near the
Chernobyl accident
Liver cancer: Thorotrast angiography
Osteosarcoma: 224Ra (226Ra) treatment, 226Ra
(watch) dial painters.
IAEA
69
Excess Solid-Tumor Deaths among

Atomic-Bomb Survivors
Estimated relative risk at 1 Gy
Relative Mortality Risks at Different

Times After Exposure
20
Leukaemia ( ~10.7%/y)
10
5
2
All cancers except

leukaemia (+ 4.8%/y)
1
0.5
IAEA
1950- 1955- 1959- 1963- 1967- 1971- 1975- 19791954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982
Interval of follow-up Atomic bomb survivors

71
Relative Risks of Radon from Indoor

Exposure and from Mining
2
Relative risk
1.5
miner studies (cohorts)

indoor studies (case controls)
log-linear fit to indoor studies
estimated from correlation
study in different regions
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0
IAEA
100
200
300
400
Radon concentration Bq/m3

500
72
Observed/expected breast cancers
Breast Cancer in Women Exposed to

Fluoroscopy
4
1
0
IAEA
Mean absorbed dose (Gy)

73
Thyroid Tumors in Irradiated Children

10
Relative risk
Thyroid Cancer
6
4
2
0
0.05
0.1
Thyroid benign
tumors
0.15
0.2
0.25
Mean dose (Gy)

IAEA
74
Thyroid Cancer Cases in Children

after the Chernobyl Accident
100
Children under 15 years of age at diagnosis
80
No of Cases
Belarus
60
40
Ukraine
20
0
86
87
IAEA
Russian Fed.
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
75
Thyroid Cancer in Children in the

Chernobyl Region
Region
No of Cases
before the accident after the accident
Belarus
(1977-1985) 7
(1986-1994) 390
Ukraine
(1981-1985) 24
(1986-1995) 220
Russia (Bryansk and Kaluga region only) (1986-1995) 62
The data represent incidences (not mortality) and are
preliminary results.
Most excess cancers occurred since 1993.
Thyroid cancer has a high rate of cure >90%, but many of the
cancers found are of the aggressive papillary type.
IAEA
76
Risk Estimates from Occupational

Exposure
Study
Excess relative risk per Sv

All cancer
Leukemia
UK National Registry
Radiation Workers
0.47 (-0.12-1.20) 4.3 (0.4-13.6)
1,218,000 person years
34 mSv average dose
US Workers
-1.0 (<0-0.83
<0 (<0-3.4)
705,000 person years
32 mSv average dose
Atomic Bomb Survivors 0.33 (0.11-0.6) 6.2 (2.7-13.8)
2,185,000 person years
251 mSv average dose
IAEA
77
Doses and Risks for in Utero

Radiodiagnostics
Exposure
Mean foetal dose Hered. Disease

(mGy)
X Ray
Abdomen
2.6
Barium enema
16
Barium meal
2.8
IV urography
3.2
Lumbar spine
3.2
Pelvis
1.7
Computed tomography
Abdomen
8.0
Lumbar spine
2.4
Pelvis
25
Nuclear medicine
Tc bone scan
3.3
Tc brain scan
4.3
IAEA
Fatal cancer
to age 14 y
6.2 10-5
3.9 10-4
6.7 10-5
7.7 10-5
7.6 10-5
4.0 10-5
7.7 10-5
4.8 10-4
8.4 10-5
9.6 10-5
9.5 10-5
5.1 10-5
1.9 10-4
5.7 10-5
6.1 10-4
2.4 10-4
7.1 10-5
7.7 10-4
7.9 10-4
1.0 10-5
1.0 10-4
1.3 10-4
78
Annual Probability of death /1000 persons
Extrapolation by Additive and

Multiplicative Risks Models
45
35
25
Following exposure to 2 Gy at an age of 45 years

Spontaneous risks: increase with age:
Radiation risks become apparent after a lag period
(5) -10 years
Additive risk models: imply constant risk
independent of background.
Multiplicative risk models: imply an increase
proportional to background risk
15
55
IAEA
60
65
Age Years
70
75
79
Risk Probability Coefficients (ICRP)

Tissue
Probability of fatal Cancer (10-2/Sv)

Population
Workers
Bladder
0.30
0.24
Bone marrow
0.50
0.40
Bone surface
0.05
0.04
Breast
0.20
0.16
Colon
0.85
0.68
Liver
0.15
0.12
Lung
0.85
0.68
Esophagus
0.30
0.24
Ovary
0.10
0.08
Skin
0.02
0.02
Stomach
1.10
0.88
Thyroid
0.08
0.06
Remainder
0.50
0.40
Total all cancers
5.00
4.00
Genetic effects weighted
1.00
0.50
IAEA
80
Proportion of Fatal Cancers

Attributable to Different Agents
Agent or Class
Percentage of all Cancer Disease

Best estimate
Range
Smoking
31
29 - 33
Alcoholic beverages
5
3-7
Diet
35
20 - 60
Natural hormones
15
10 - 20
Infection
10
5 - 15
Occupation
3
2-6
Medicines, medical practices
1
0.5 - 2
Electromagnetic radiation
8
5 -10
Ionizing (85% from natural radiation*) 4.5
Ultraviolet
2.5
Lower frequency
<1
Industrial products
<1
<1 - 2
Pollution
2
<1 - 4
Other
?
?
IAEA
81
Tissue risk factor (1)

RISK FACTOR: The quotient of increase in
% Effect
probability of a stochastic effect and the

received dose. It is measured in Sv-1 or
mSv-1.
probability
dose
IAEA
Dose
Risk =
factor
probability
dose
82
Tissue risk factor (2)

EXAMPLE: A risk factor of 0.005 Sv-1 for bone
% Effect
marrow (lifetime mortality in a population of all

ages from specific fatal cancer after exposure to
low doses) means that if 1,000 people would
receive 1 Sv to the bone marrow, 5 will die from a
cancer induced by radiation.
IAEA
probability
dose
Dose
Risk
factor
probability
=
dose
83
Indicators of relative organ tissue risk

TISSUE OR ORGAN
Gonads
Bone marrow (red)
Colon
Lung
Stomach
Bladder
Breast
Liver
Oesophagus
Thyroid
Skin
Bone surface
Remainder
IAEA
wT
0.20
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.05
84
Summary
Effects of ionizing radiation may be
deterministic and stochastic, immediate or
delayed, somatic or genetic
Some tissues are highly radiosensitive
Each tissue has its own risk factor
Risk from exposure may be assessed
through such factors
IAEA
85
Where to Get More Information (1)

The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on
Radiological Protection, ICRP 103, Annals of the ICRP 37(2-4):1332 (2007)
UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific
annexes, United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation, United Nations, Vienna, Austria, 2008
Avoidance of radiation injuries from medical interventional
procedures. ICRP Publication 85. Ann ICRP 2000;30 (2). Elsevier
Avoidance of radiation injuries from medical interventional procedures.

ICRP Publication 85. Ann ICRP 2000;30 (2). Pergamon
IAEA
86

RPDIR-L03 Biological Effects WEB

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

RPDIR-L03 Biological Effects WEB

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Classification of radiation health effects

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

Part 3: Biological effect of ionizing

Radiation health effects

somatic & hereditary

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Biological effects of ionizing radiation

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Radiation injury from an industrial source

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Threshold Doses for Deterministic Effects

Cataracts of the lens of the eye 2-10 Gy

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Outcomes after cell exposure

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Outcomes after cell exposure

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

DNA ligase seals the nick

Repair of DNA damage

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Challenging dose Response

Outcomes after cell exposure

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Effects of cell death

Outcomes after cell exposure

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

A simple generalized scheme for multistage oncogenesis

Damage to chromosomal DNA

Diffusion, chemical reactions

Initial DNA damage

DNA breaks / base damage

1 hour Cell killing

IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

Part 3: Biological effect of ionizing

Radiosensitivity [RS] (1)

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

(exception to the RS laws)

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Factors affecting the radiosensitivity

Increase RS: OXYGEN, cytotoxic drugs.

Repair of damage (sub-lethal damage

may be repaired e.g. fractionated dose)

IAEA Training Material on Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

Part 3: Biological effect of ionizing

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Tribondeau), the most RS cells are

Erythema: 1 to 24 hours after irradiation of

From Atlas de Histologia.... J. Boya

Basal stratum cells, highly

(*):alopecia: loss or absence of hair

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation

Eye lens is highly RS.

From Atlas de Histologia.... J. Boya

Eye lens is highly RS,

3 : Biological effects of ionizing radiation