Motivasi Berwisata Nhi 2016

Chapter 2
Motivation for Leisure

Tourism
Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

John Walker
Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Objectives
After reading and studying this
chapter, you should be able to:
Discuss tourists motivation for leisure
travel and tourism
Describe Maslows hierarchy of human
needs and Eppersons push-pull model
Discuss Pearces leisure ladder model
and Plogs psychographic model

John Walker

Objectives (contd.)
Discuss the role and importance of the
National Park System
Outline different groups of sports tourists
as well as the major sporting events
Describe the typical adventure traveler
Name the most common destinations for
religious travel
Discuss the fundamentals of health care
tourism
John Walker

Motivation for Leisure Travel

In recent years, there has been a
dramatic increase in leisure travel
Indications are that this is likely to
continue
Motivations for pleasure travel

Internal forces, external forces, and
incentives that guide, direct and
integrate a persons behavior, for future
personal satisfaction
John Walker

Leisure Travel (contd.)

Iso-Ahola: motivational forces
Desire to leave the everyday
environment behind
Desire to obtain psychological or
intrinsic rewards through travel in a
contrasting environment

John Walker


Figure21LeisureTourismCategories

John Walker


Main factors that motivate tourists:
Personality
Lifestyle
Past experience and past life
Perceptions
Image
Personal circumstances (e.g., having a
child, change in health)

John Walker


Travel motivators
Leisure trips account for 75% of
Americans domestic travel
Business trips account for 25%
Of which, 9% combine the two
John Swarbrooke and Susan Horner

Types of motivating factors
Those that motivate a person to take a vacation
Those that motivate a person to take a particular
vacation to a specific destination at a particular
time
John Walker


Figure22ATypologyofMotivatorsinTourism
Source:JohnSwarbrookeandSusanHorner,ConsumerBehaviorinTourism(Oxford,England:Elsevier
ButterworthHeinemann,2005).WithpermissionofElsevierButterworthHeinemann.

John Walker

Motivation, Needs, Expectations

Juergen Gnoth
Tourism is a response to felt needs and
acquired values within temporal, spatial,
social, and economic parameters
Once needs are met, generated motivation
constitutes a major parameter in
expectations
Expectations determine perceptions of
performance of products and services as well as
experiences

John Walker

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Need satisfaction motivates human
behavior
There are five levels of basic needs (see
next slide)
As each need is satisfied, a person
moves up to the next level

John Walker

Maslows Hierarchy (contd.)

Figure23MaslowsHierarchyofNeeds

John Walker

The Push-Pull Model

People travel because they are:
Pushed into making travel decisions by
internal, psychological forces
Intangible desires to travel generated from
within
Pulled by external forces of the

destinations attributes
Attractions such as Disneyland or Sea World

John Walker

The Push-Pull Model (contd.)

Figure24PushPullModel

John Walker

Other Theories
Pierce: leisure ladder model
Attempts to explain individual behaviors
on the basis of stages in a tourists life
cycle
Tourists move through a hierarchy
Similar to Maslows hierarchy
Stanley Plog: bell shaped curve

Classifies U.S. population along a
psychographic continuum
Most fall into a large bell-shaped curve
John Walker

Other Theories (contd.)

Figure25PsychocentricandAllocentricDestinations
Source:AdaptedfromStanleyPlog,WhyDestinationAreasRiseandFallinPopularity(paperpresentedtothe
SouthernCaliforniaChapteroftheTravelResearchAssociation,October10,1972),ascitedinEdwardMayo
andLanceJarvis,ThePsychologyofLeisureTravel(Boston:CBIPublishingCompany,1981),118.

John Walker

Other Theories (contd.)

Card and Kestel
Motivation categories: curiosity, social
interaction, and rejuvenation
Motivation is only one of many variables
Travel decisions are the result of several
motives, or multimotives

John Walker

Travel Values
Several factors influence:
Why people travel
Where and when they go
For most people, value for money

and time is a major influence
Cost of transportation
Time it takes to get there

John Walker

Travel Values (contd.)

Factors that bring down tourist prices:
Nation devalues currency
Political situation becomes unstable
Examples:
Attempted coup Thailand
Mexican governments sudden
devaluation of the peso

John Walker


2003: UNWTO reported a 2%
decrease in worldwide tourism
receipts
September 11, 2001
U.S. terrorist attacks
Asian SARS
Bali bombing
Iraq and Afghanistan wars
Global economic recession
John Walker


Governments can encourage leisure
tourism by creating travel bargains
Place ceilings on room and meal prices
Set artificially high or low rates of
exchange for foreign currencies
The traveler not restricted by time will

be most likely to find the best travel
values
John Walker

The Professional Traveler

A large percent are:
School teachers, college professors,
students, and retirees
Professional travelers are:

Forever planning the next trip
Recounting the last one
Recouping their energies and fortunes

John Walker

Travel for Natural Beauty

Accelerated with Romantic Movement
of the 1800s
New appreciation for beauties of nature
Idea of preserving lands became

popular after the Civil War
1872: Yellowstone was established as a
national park
Today, there are 54 national parks attracting
over 438 million people a year
John Walker

Natural Beauty (contd.)

Camping
Sometimes overlooked as part of the
travel and tourism industry
Campers travel millions of miles a year in
the U.S., Canada, and Europe
Statistics in dollars and numbers of campers
show that camping is an enormous business
Vast expenditures for RVs and camping
equipment

John Walker

Parks
State parks
Cuts in state general funding are forcing
many to look for alternative income
Increasing user fees

Flexible pricing
Central reservation systems
Allowing bids on commercial use permits
and concessions
Examples: Ohio and New Hampshire

John Walker

Parks (contd.)
National parks
U.S. National Park Service
Founded by Congress in 1916 to conserve
scenery, wildlife, and natural and historic
resources as well as provide for their use by
the public
384 areas covering more than 83 million
acres
Cannot be neatly categorized because of
their diversity of resources
John Walker

Parks (contd.)
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Americas most visited national park
Highest peaks in Appalachian Mountain range
History:
Believed to have formed over 1 billion years ago

1000 BC: Cherokee Indians took up residence
1540: Spanish conquistadors arrived
200 years later: Old World immigrants began to settle

John Walker

Parks (contd.)
1838: over 13,000 Cherokee were forced to
leave their native lands
1900: logging concerns discovered the
Smoky Mountains
1926: President Coolidge established a
national park in the Smoky Mountains
Farmers did not want to leave their land
Great Smoky Mountains National Park was

officially established on June 15, 1934

John Walker

Parks (contd.)
Yosemite National Park
Formed more than 500 million years ago
Many geographical changes have taken
place
Populated by Native Americans for 8,000

years
Area became flooded with gold seekers in
the 1850s, causing numerous conflicts
Others soon followed
Yosemite National Park was established

October 1, 1890
John Walker

Parks (contd.)
Yellowstone National Park
Developed in 1872
First and oldest national park in the world
One of the most successful wildlife

reserves in the country
Better known for geyser eruptions of Old
Faithful
Ninety-nine percent of the parks 3,400

square miles remains undeveloped
John Walker

Travel for Sports

Includes traveling to attend spectator
sports and/or participate in sporting
activities
Olympics and World cup
Australian, French, and U.S. Open, and
Wimbledon
Superbowl, World Series, and the
Masters
NASCAR
John Walker

Travel for Sports (contd.)

Also includes local-level games and
competitions
Positive effects on local economy
Concept of health through physical

activities has sparked renewed
interest
Tremendous economic impact
Every year, two out of five U.S. adults
travel for sports
John Walker

Adventure Travel
Includes (but not limited to):
Off-road bike tours
White water rafting
African safaris and wildlife tours
Rainforest canopy tours
Bungee jumping

John Walker

Adventure Travel (contd.)

Segment is growing at a fast pace
U.S. adults (i.e., 98 million people),
took an adventure trip in the last few
years
31 million adults engaged in hard adventure
activities
Adventure travelers are more likely to be
young, single, and employed

John Walker

Religious Travel
Often referred to as pilgrimage
Practiced for hundreds of years
Still fairly common today
Broken down into two categories:

Satisfying ones religious convictions
Fulfilling ones curiosity about a
particular faith or practice

John Walker

Religious Travel (contd.)

Thousands of sites (e.g., holy lands,
churches, temples, and mosques)
Attract millions of tourists each year
Some examples include:
Mountains of Buddhism pay homage to
Buddha
Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the Hajj, is the
peak of their religious life
Catholic Vatican is a holy land of sorts
Catholics travel to where the Pope visits
John Walker

Medical and Health Tourism

Goodrich and Goodrich define health
tourism as:
Attempts of tourist facilities to attract
tourists by promoting health care
services and features in addition to
regular tourist amenities

John Walker

Health Tourism (contd.)

Health care services may include:
Hydrotherapy treatments
Beauty treatments
Relaxation techniques
Cellulite treatment
Medical examinations
Operations of all kinds

John Walker

Health Tourism (contd.)

Special exercise, diet, and nutritional
advice
Medical treatments for specific diseases
such as arthritis
Alternative therapies
Body massages

John Walker

Trends
Tourism facing immense growth
A new form of tourism is emerging as
well:
More sustainable, environmentally and
socially responsible, and characterized by
flexibility and choice
A new type of consumer is driving it:

More educated, experienced, independent,
conservation-minded, respectful of cultures,
and insistent on value for money

John Walker


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Chapter 2

Motivation for Leisure

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Motivation for Leisure Travel

Motivations for pleasure travel

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Leisure Travel (contd.)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Leisure Travel (contd.)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Leisure Travel (contd.)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Leisure Travel (contd.)

John Swarbrooke and Susan Horner

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Leisure Travel (contd.)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Motivation, Needs, Expectations

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Maslows Hierarchy (contd.)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Push-Pull Model

Pulled by external forces of the

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Push-Pull Model (contd.)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Stanley Plog: bell shaped curve

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Theories (contd.)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Other Theories (contd.)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

For most people, value for money

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Travel Values (contd.)

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Travel Values (contd.)

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Travel Values (contd.)

The traveler not restricted by time will

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Professional Traveler

Professional travelers are:

Its Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.