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4 controlled elements :
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Air quality
- Air distribution velocity
1.
Temperature
The refrigeration component of the system
removes heat from the incoming air to keep the
room temperature to 20o25o. The removal heat is
via refrigeration cycle.
2.
Humidity
A person feels a cooling effect due to the
evaporation of his sweat. The lower the humidity
(i.e : the drier the air), the faster the rate of
evaporation, the cooler a person feels. humidity
must be controlled (using the process of
humidification or dehumidification) so that the
relative humidity is around 40% - 60%. This is the
level of humidity that is most comfortable for a
person.
3.
Air quality
In ventilated air-conditioning systems, air is
brought into a building to replace used air.
Most air-conditioning systems are actually
sophisticated ways of mechanical ventilation.
Air quality is associated with air purity. There
are 2 aspects associated with air purity which
are cleanliness and oxygen contents.
4.
Economy
By achieving minimum duct layout
Retain
Capability of serving the different spaces
according to the differing requirements
Balance
Fan pressure, duct & grills size to the
different part of the building, get balance
where each part getting its appropriate share
of supply
Heating air-conditioning
To treat the air so that a comfortable warm
environment is produced for the building
interior.
1.
2.
3.
4.
An air conditioner cools your home with a cold indoor coil called the
evaporator
2. Condensation:
The hot high pressure gas passes
through the condenser (condenser coils).
The condenser is a coiled pipe exposed
to the outside air. Excess heat and latent
heat is transferred to the cooler outside
air and the gas changes into highpressure liquid at room temperature.
3. Expansion:
The pressure of the liquid is lowered after
passing through the expansion valve. This
causes the liquid refrigerant to have a
lower boiling point and make it a cold
liquid under low pressure. It goes back to
Step No. 1 to continue the cycle
4. Evaporation:
The cold liquid refrigerant under low
pressure absorbs heat from the air cycle
thus cooling the air. The refrigerant turns
into a low-pressure gas due to the
absorbed heat.
Cooling coil
Heater
Supply fan
Fresh air
Supply air
Recirculated air
Exhaust air
Return air
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Advantages:
Noise in rooms is usually reduced if plant room is
away from occupied spaces.
Disadvantages:
Expensive to install a complete full comfort air-conditioning
system throughout a building.
Space is required for plant and to run ductwork both
vertically in shafts and horizontally in ceiling spaces.
Individual room control is difficult with central plant.
-Many systems have been tried such as Variable Air Volume
(VAV), dual duct systems and zone re-heaters.
-Zone re-heaters are probably more successful than the rest.
A fan then blows air across the cooling coil and into
the room.
CONDENSER UNIT
SPLIT TYPES
The drawing below shows a ceiling mounted
(cassette unit)
SPLIT TYPES
Advantages:
Cheaper to install.
Disadvantages:
Noisy compressor in outdoor unit.
Filter, compressor and pipework needs periodic
maintenance and possible re- charging.
Filtration is not as good as with AHUs.
Require long runs of pipework which, if it leaks into
the building, can be difficult to remedy
Not at robust as central plant.
Disadvantages (contd)
The majority of room air conditioners just
recirculate air in a room
Outlet louvre
Finned pipe heat
exchanger
Cool Air
Centrifugal fans
Dust filter
Cabinet
Thermostat
Room Air
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Noisy, especially when the speed is changing with inbuilt controls.
Each unit requires maintenance.
Long runs of pipework are required.
A chiller/boiler is required to produce chilled water
and heating mode
Fresh air facility may not be installed.
Cooling output is limited to about 5 kW
2. PROCEDURES
The procedures are as follows:
a) Determine the function of the room (assuming there is no overcrowding of occupants and / or heat generating equipments).
b) Measure the floor area (A) of the room in either in square feet or
square meter (a standard height of about 8.5 feet or 2.65 meter
between the floor and false ceiling shall be assumed for the room).
c) Depending on whether you are using the imperial (square feet) or
metric (square meter) system of measurement, decide on which
Factor (F) to use from either Table 1 or Table 2 as shown below:
d) Multiply (A) by (F) to get the estimated air-conditioning cooling load
requirement.
Remarks
55 to 60
70 to 80
60 to 70
80 to 90
Remarks
592.02 to 645.83
753.47 to 861.11
645.83 to 753.47
861.11 to 968.75
QUESTIONS
1.Define air-conditioning.
2.Briefly describe factors that affect body heat.
3.What is refrigerator?
4.What is refrigerant process?
5.Explain the types of air conditioning system?
6.Explain the major component of air conditioning system?
7.Describe three types of air-conditioning system.
8.Sketch and explain the centralised air conditioning
process.
9.State four advantages of air-conditioning.
10.Calculate cooling load for a room size 8.5 m x 10 m x 3m,
with single occupancy, without small heat generating
machines and is exposed to strong solar heat.