Experimental investigation of

forced convective heat transfer

coefficient
in nanofluids of Al2O3/EG and
CuO/EG in a double pipe and plate
heat
exchangers under turbulent flow

OBJECTIVE:
Forced convective heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids using
theoretical correlations in order to compare the results with the
experimental data.
We also evaluated the effects of particle concentration and operating
temperature on the forced convective heat transfer coefficient of the
nanofluids.

. The findings indicate considerable enhancement in convective heat

transfer coefficient of the nanofluids as compared to the basefluid,
ranging from 2% to 50%. Moreover, the results indicate that with
increasing nanoparticles concentrationand nanofluid temperature, the
convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid increases.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:
Nusselt number for the nanofluid to that of pure water
under the same flow rate, varies from 1.05 to 1.14 by
increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles from 0.5%
to 1.2%, respectively.
Al2O3/ethylene glycol (EG) and Al2O3/water nanofluids in
a radial flow system reported considerable improvement in
heat transfer rate.
Suppression of natural convection heat transfer by
nanofluid of Al2O3/water and CuO/water and concluded
that this could be due to several factors such as
nanoparticles settling and velocity difference between
nanoparticles and base fluid.

Al2O3/EG nanofluid, samples of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%

weight aluminum
in ethylene
glycol
(EG) IIS
base fluid
MAKING
OFoxide
NANO
FLUID
AND
were prepared without surfactants solely with magnetic
STABILITY
stirring for 1 h and subsequent ultrasonic irradiation for 2 h.
These
samples proved highly appropriate in terms of homogenous
dispersion
and long term stability.

CuO/EG nanofluid, samples of 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%,

and 1.0% weight copper oxidein base fluid (EG) were
prepared using the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
alongside magnetic stirring for 1 h and subsequent
ultrasonic irradiation for 2 h.
These samples proved appropriate for a cyclic system in
terms of homogenous dispersion and long term stability.

EQUIPMENT AND METHOD :

Double pipe heat exchanger:

Inner dia of copper, 12 mm in diameter and 1 mm
in thickness.
Heat exchange length of 70 cm.
The shell is made of green pipes, 50.8 mm in
diameter.
Counter current flow

DATA ANALYSIS:

Heat characteristics of the nanofluid, such as

density, viscosity, special heat capacity, heat
conduction coefficient, heat penetration
coefficient etc.
The Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
Applied the energy balance, according to the
recommended procedure for calculation.

NUSSLET NO can be calculated theoretical

by:

RESULT
In heat exchangers, heat transfer is considerably enhanced for
nanofluids compared to the base fluid. In double pipe heat exchanger,
this enhancement is maximally 26% for 1.0% weight aluminum oxide
in ethylene glycol and 37% for 1.0% weight copper oxide in ethylene
glycol.
Under all conditions,there is a direct relationship between
temperature and the enhancement of convective heat transfer
coefficient in nanofluids compared to the base fluid.
Improvements in heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids with
increased fluid temperature can be caused
As the temperature increases the viscosity of base fluid decreases
and the Brownian motion of nanoparticles inside the fluid increases,
consequently convection-like effects are remarkably increased
which lead to increasein convective heat transfer coefficient.

Temperature and concentration are two essential

parameters determining the heat transfer coefficient
of nanofluids and they are directly related to heat
transfer coefficient.
With rising temperatures and nanoparticle
concentrations, the discrepancy between theoretical
and experimental data grows, reaching a maximum of
25% in the case of CuO/EG nanofluid in double pipe
exchanger at 75 C of operational temperature.

CuO/water Nanofluid Convective

Heat Transfer Through Square
Duct Under Uniform Heat Flux
IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
ENHANCES WITH INCREASING NANOFLUID FLOW RATE AS
WELL AS CONCENTRATION OF NANOPARTICLES IN THE
NANOFLUID ESPECIALLY AT HIGH FLOW RATES.
ENHANCEMENT OF 20.7% IN NU ACHIEVED AT 1.5% VOLUME
CONCENTRATION OF CUO/WATER NANOFLUID. THE BASIC
REASON FOR LOWERHEAT TRANSFER RATE OF SQUARE DUCTS
IS EXISTENCE OF A STATIC SECTION FOR SOME PART OF FLUID
NEAR CORNERS OF SQUARE DUCT AND THE RESULTS
INDICATED THAT THE PRESENCE OF NANOPARTICLES
DECREASE THIS UNMOVED STATIC SECTION
WHICHCONSEQUENTLY INCREASE THE HEAT TRANSFER FROM
THE DUCT WALL TO THE NANOFLUID.

It is reported that a very small amount (less than1% in terms of

volume
fraction) of copper nanoparticles improved the measured thermal
conductivity of the suspension by 40% , while over a 150%
improvement of the effective thermal conductivity at a volume
fraction
of 1% was reported by Choi for multiwalled carbon nanotubes
suspended in oil.

NASSAN ET AL. COMPARES

THE HEAT TRANSFER OF AL2O3/WATER AND CUO/ WATER NANOFLUIDS
THROUGH SQUARE DUCT WITH LAMINAR FLOW AND AT CONSTANT WALL
HEAT FLUX. THEIR RESULTS
SHOWED THAT CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT INCREASED WITH
NANOFLUIDS CONCENTRATION AND PECLET NUMBERS.

THE VOLUME FRACTION OF THE NANOPARTICLES

IN
SUSPENSION IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

Volume Fraction of nano particles in susension:

Density of nano fluid by:

Required mass for nano particle for dispersion:

RESULT
Physical property of nano fluid were calculated from
nanoparticle and water at inlet and outlet bulk
temperature using the following equation for density,
viscosity, specific heat and thermal conductivity:

It is Einstein equation ,is used for suspensions ( <2%).

NANOFLUID EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY :

Where mean temperature difference can be calculated

from:

Seider Tast (for theoretical nusslet no) correlation is for

laminar flow of single phase fluid

The Uncertainty in R,due to combined effect of

uncertainty interval

Result and conclusion

Experimental results for water were compared with the prediction of
Seider-Tateequation for laminar flow. Figure 2 illustrates this
comparison, which indicates that a very good agreement was achieved
and maximum discrepancy between experimental results and
prediction of Seider-Tate equation is which confirm the reliability
of the experiment procedure..
Heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid is better than that of distilled
water. The reasons are due to the extensive large surface area and the
interactions among the nanoparticles themselves on one hand, and
between nanoparticles and the inner surface of the duct on the other
hand during flowing. Since heat transfer between nanoparticles and
bulk fluid is performed on the surface of nanoparticles the higher
specific surface area of these nanoparticles causes the better heat
exchanges.

lower heat transfer rate of square ducts is existence of a

static section for some part of fluid near corners of
triangular duct and it seems that
the presence of nanoparticles causes to decrementthis
unmoved static section.

lower heat transfer rate of square ducts is existence of a

static section for some part of fluid near corners of
triangular duct and it seems that the presence of
nanoparticles causes to decrementthis unmoved static
section