Fluid Statics

By definition, the fluid is at rest.

Or, no there is no relative motion between
adjacent particles.
No shearing forces is placed on the fluid.
There are only pressure forces, and no shear.
Results in relatively simple analysis
Generally look for the pressure variation in the
fluid

Fluid Statics

The water behind the Hoover dam, on the Colorado river, is

approximately 715 feet deep and at this depth the pressure
is 310 psi. To withstand the large pressure forces on the
face of the dam, its thickness varies from 45 feet at the top
to 660 feet at the base.

Outline

Overview
Pressure at a Point
Basic Equations for the Pressure Field
Hydrostatic Condition
Standard Atmosphere
Manometry and Pressure Measurements
Example Problems

Pressure at a Point: Pascals Law

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

Pressure is the normal force per unit area at a

given point acting on a given plane within a
fluid mass of interest.

How does the pressure at a point vary with orientation of the plane passing
through the point?
F.B.D.

Pressure Forces
Gravity Force

Wedged Shaped Fluid

Mass

p is average pressure in the x, y, and z direction.

Ps is the average pressure on the surface
is the plane inclination

V = (1/2yz)*x

is the length is each coordinate direction, x, y, z

s is the length of the plane
is the specific weight

Pressure at a Point: Pascals Law

For simplicity in our Free Body Diagram, the x-pressure forces
cancel and do not need to be shown. Thus to arrive at our solution
we balance only the the y and z forces:
Pressure Force
in the y-direction
on the y-face

Pressure Force
in the z-direction
on the z-face

Pressure Force
on the plane in
the y-direction

Pressure Force
in the plane in
the z-direction

Rigid body
motion in the ydirection

Weight of the
Wedge

Rigid body
motion in the zdirection

Now, we can simplify each equation in each direction, noting that y and z can
be rewritten in terms of s:

Pressure at a Point: Pascals Law

Substituting and rewriting the equations of motion, we obtain:

Math

Now, noting that we are really interested at point only, we let y and
z go to zero:

Pascals Law: the pressure at a point in a fluid at rest, or in motion, is

independent of the direction as long as there are no shearing stresses
present.

Pressure at a Point: Pascals Law

p2xs

p1xs

psxs

ps = p1 = p2

Note: In dynamic system subject to shear, the normal stress representing

the pressure in the fluid is not necessarily the same in all directions. In
such a case the pressure is taken as the average of the three directions.

Pressure Field Equations

How does the pressure vary in a fluid or from point to point when no
shear stresses are present?
Consider a Small Fluid Element
p is pressure
is specific weight

Surface Forces
Taylor Series

Body Forces
V = yzx
For simplicity the x-direction surface forces are not shown

Pressure Field Equations

Looking at the resultant surface forces in the y-direction:

Similarly, looking at the resultant surface forces in the x and z-direction, we

obtain:

Hydrostatic Condition: a = 0

This leads to the conclusion that for liquids or gases at rest, the
Pressure gradient in the vertical direction at any point in fluid
depends only on the specific weight of the fluid at that point. The
pressure does not depend on x or y.

Hydrostatic Equation

Hydrostatic Condition: Physical Implications

Pressure changes with elevation
Pressure does not change in the horizontal x-y plane
The pressure gradient in the vertical direction is negative
The pressure decreases as we move upward in a fluid at rest
Pressure in a liquid does not change due to the shape of the container
Specific Weight does not have to be constant in a fluid at rest
Air and other gases will likely have a varying
Thus, fluids could be incompressible or compressible statically

Pressure Depends on Depth, not Shape

All these containers are the same height. Therefore, the pressure at
the bottom of each is the same. The shape does not matter ! (See
upcoming slides for further explanation.)

Note: Were talking about the pressure inside the fluid, not the pressures exerted by
the containers on the table, which would greater for a cylinder than a cone of the
same height & base.

Hydrostatic Condition: Incompressible Fluids

The specific weight changes either through density or g, gravity. The change
in g is negligible, and for liquids does not vary appreciable, thus most liquids
will be considered incompressible.
Starting with the Hydrostatic Equation:
We can immediately integrate since is a constant:

where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer two different vertical levels as in the
schematic.

Hydrostatic Condition: Incompressible Fluids

As in the schematic, noting the definition of h = z2 z1:
Linear Variation with Depth

h is known as the pressure head. The type of pressure distribution is known

as a hydrostatic distribution. The pressure must increase with depth to hold
up the fluid above it, and h is the depth measured from the location of p2.
The equation for the pressure head is the following:

Physically, it is the height of the column of fluid of a specific weight, needed

to give the pressure difference p1 p2.

Hydrostatic Condition: Incompressible Fluids

If we are working exclusively with a liquid, then there is a free surface
at the liquid-gas interface. For most applications, the pressure exerted
at the surface is atmospheric pressure, po. Then the equation is
written as follows:

The Pressure in a homogenous, incompressible fluid at rest depends on

the depth of the fluid relative to some reference and is not influenced by
the shape of the container.
Lines of constant Pressure

p = po
h1

p = p1
p = p2
For p2 = p = h + po
For p1 = p = h1 + po

Pascals Vases

The fluid levels are the same in all each

tube irrespective of their shape

Why Shape Doesnt Affect Pressure

The pressure at Y is greater than that of the surface by an amount
g h, where is the density of the fluid. The same is true for Q. Since Y and Z
are at the same depth, their pressures are the same. Therefore, if the containers hold
the same type of fluid, the pressure at at Z is the same as the pressure at Q, even
though the containers have different shapes. We can repeat this process several
times for an odd-shaped container: The pressure difference from A to B depends
only on their vertical separation.

A
W

h
Q

h
Z

Pascals Principle
If you apply pressure
to an enclosed fluid,
that pressure is
transmitted equally to
all parts of the fluid
If I exert extra
pressure on the fluid
with a piston, the
pressure in the fluid
increases everywhere
by that amount
Cartesian diver

A hydraulic car lift

Pressure is F x A
At the same depth the
pressures are the same
so F1 /A1 = F2 /A2, or

A2
F2 F1
A1
with a little force you can
lift a heavy object!
the jack

Hydrostatic Condition: Compressible Fluids

Gases such as air, oxygen and nitrogen are thought of as compressible, so
we must consider the variation of density in the hydrostatic equation:

dp
g
Note: = g and not a constant, then
dz
By the Ideal gas law:

Thus,

Then,

For Isothermal Conditions, T is constant, To:

p
RT

R is the Gas Constant

T is the temperature
is the density

Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure = Force per Unit Area
Atmospheric Pressure is the weight of the
column of air above a unit area. For example,
the atmospheric pressure felt by a man is the
weight of the column of air above his body
divided by the area the air is resting on
P = (Weight of column)/(Area of base)

Standard Atmospheric Pressure:

1 atmosphere (atm)
14.7 lbs/in2 (psi)
760 Torr (mm Hg)
1013.25 millibars = 101.3 kPascals
1Pa = 1Nt/m2

Properties of U.S. Standard Atmosphere at Sea Level

Hydrostatic Condition: U.S. Standard Atmosphere

Idealized Representation of the Mid-Latitude Atmosphere

Standard Atmosphere is used in

the design of aircraft, missiles
and spacecraft.

Stratosphere:
Isothermal, T = To
Troposphere:
Linear Variation, T = Ta - z

Hydrostatic Condition: U.S. Standard Atmosphere

Starting from,
Now, for the Troposphere, Temperature is not constant:

is known as the lapse rate, 0.00650 K/m, and Ta is the temperature at

sea level, 288.15 K.
Substitute for temperature and Integrate:

pa is the pressure at sea level, 101.33 kPa, R is the gas constant, 286.9
J/kg.K

Pressure Distribution in the Atmosphere