IPv6

Talal A. Alsubaie
App. & DB
Department
Saudi FDA

Special Thanks
To Saad A. Al-Maleki for his
assessment in this work.

Outlines

IPv4 Addressing.
Features of IPv6.
IPv6 Addressing.
Transition Mechanisms.
Software Support.
IPv6 Market
Conclusion.

IPv4 Addressing

INTERNET is the world largest public

network.
~320 million users in 2000
2005

~550 million users by

IPv4 defines a 32 bit, that will give us

(4,294,967,296) IP addresses.
The first problem is concerned with the eventual
running out of the IP address space.

IPv4 Addressing (cont.)

Techniques was used with address shortage in

IPv4:
Subnettin.
Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
Network Address Translation (NAT)

NAT and Subnet

IPv4 Addressing (cont.)

P2P applications.
Need to reserve an IP address to each peer.

Always-on devices.
Mobile Phones, ADSL, and Intelligent Home ...ect.

Always Connected
Devices
Always-on Devices
Need an Address
When You Call Them

Global
Addressing

Features of IPv6
Large

Address Space.

128 bit vs. 32 bit in IPv4.

Stateless

auto configuration of

hosts.
Plug and play.

Multicast.
It is part of IPv6, unlike IPv4 was
introduced later.

Features of IPv6
Link-local

addresses.

Never change, unlike global address.

Jumbograms.
IPv4, packets are limited to 64KB, Jumbograms
can be as large as 4GB. in high speed networks

Network-layer

security.

IP Security is built-in IPv6, unlike IPv4 built-on.

Mobility.
Make IPv6 node to be mobile to change its
location in an IPv6 network. (May change IPv6
Address Dynamically).

Features of IPv6
Mobility
Mobile Operators using 3GPP UMTS /
Internet Multimedia Services (IMS)
Nokia, Motorola and others making use of
mobile IPv6 in their devices
Ad-hoc networks think police, fire and
emergency services push to talk
requirements

IPv6 Addressing
The

primary change from IPv4 to

IPv6 is the length of network
addresses.
128 bit vs. 32 bit.

IPv6

addresses are typically

composed of two logical parts:
64-bit (sub-)network prefix.
64-bit host part. (automatically generated from the interface's
MAC address).
User identity being permanently tied to an IPv6
address.

IPv6 Addressing (cont.)

Notation:
IPv6 addresses are normally written as eight groups
of four hexadecimal digits.
2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7334
Four-digit group(s) of 0000, can be omitted and
replaced with two colons( :: ).
2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57ab
is equal to 2001:0db8::1428:57ab .
A sequence of 4 bytes at the end of an IPv6 address
can also be written in decimal, using dots as
separators.
Used with mixed environment of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

::1 = localhost = (127.0.0.1) in IPv4

IPv6 Addressing (cont.)

IPv6

addresses in URL:

In a URL the IPv6-Address is enclosed in brackets.

http://[2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7344]/
https://[2001:0db8:85a3:08d3:1319:8a2e:0370:7344]:443/

record of DNS(IPv4)

www.talals.net A 203.178.141.212

Qaud

A AAAA record of DNS(IPv6)

www.talals.net AAAA 3ffe:501:4819:2000:5254:ff:fedc:50d2

IPv6 Addressing (cont.)

Kinds

of IPv6 addresses:

Unicast Addresses:
One to One.

Multicast Addresses:
One to Many.

Anycast Addresses:
One to Nearest.

There

is no Broadcast in IPv6.

Transition Mechanisms
Transition

mechanisms are
needed for IPv6 only host to
reach IPv4 services.
Dual stack.
Tunneling.
Translation.

Transition Mechanisms
Dual Stack:
Dual stack host can speak both IPv4 and
IPv6
communicate with IPv4 host by IPv4
communicate with IPv6 host by IPv6

Transition Mechanisms
Dual Stack:

Access

Access

Transition Mechanisms
Tunneling:
Encapsulates some data inside some
packets.
Automatic tunneling:
(6-To-4). (Enabled in Windows Vista)
Teredo. (Enabled in Windows Vista)

Configured:
IPv6/Dual
Network

Generation

Tunneling is configured manually via human or software

service.

IPv4 Core

6to4 Router

IPv4 Router

Adds v4 header

Forwards as Usual

IPv6/Dual
Network

Destination 6to4 router

removes IPv4 header

Delivery

Transition Mechanisms
Tunneling:
IPv6 Packet

IPv4 Packet

IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling

Transition Mechanisms
Translation:
This

is a simple extension to NAT

techniques, to translate header format as
well as addresses
Translate IPv6 only host to IPv4 only
host(vice versa)
1.protocol translation
2.mapping address
Unreliable

Software Support
Any

modern O/S has IPv6 support

Most common applications and tools have IPv6
support:

Apache
IIS
FTP
Ping
Telnet
IE
Mozilla Firefox
Opera
Outlook
Windows Media Player and more

Some

applications need to be recompiled.

IPv6 Market
Home

Networking.
Gaming.
Mobile Devices.
Enterprise PCs.
Consumer Devices.
i.e. Sony.
ISP.

Conclusion
IPv6

is NEW
built on the experiences learned from IPv4
new features
large address space
autoconfiguration
and OLD
still IP
build on a solid base
started in 1995, a lot of implementations
and tests done