MAGNETICALLY COUPLED NETWORKS

LEARNING GOALS
Mutual Inductance
Behavior of inductors sharing a common magnetic field

The ideal transformer

Device modeling components used to change voltage and/or
current levels

BASIC CONCEPTS A REVIEW

Magnetic field

Total magnetic
flux linked by Nturn coil
Amperes Law
(linear model)

Faradays
Induction Law

Assumes constant L
and linear models!

Ideal Inductor

MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
Overview of Induction Laws
Magneti
c
flux

Induced links
on second
coil
( )
2

Total fluxlinkage

N (webers)
If linkage is created by a current flowing
through the coils

Li

(Amperes Law)

The voltage created at the terminals of

the components is

vL

di
dt

(Faradays Induction Law)

One has the effect of mutual inductance

TWO-COIL SYSTEM

Self-induced

(both currents contribute to flux)

Mutual-induced

Linear model simplifying

notation

THE DOT CONVENTION

COUPLED COILS WITH DIFFERENT WINDING CONFIGURATION

Dots mark reference

polarity for voltages
induced by each flux

THE DOT CONVENTION REVIEW

LEARNING EXAMPLE

Currents and voltages follow

passive sign convention

(v2 (t ))

i2 ( t )

i1 (t )
Flux 2 induced
voltage has + at dot

di1
di
(t ) M 2 (t )
dt
dt
di
di
v2 ( t ) M 1 (t ) L2 2 ( t )
dt
dt
v1 (t ) L1

For other cases change polarities or

current directions to convert to this
basic case

di
di
v1 (t ) L1 1 M 2
dt
dt
di
di
v2 (t ) M 1 L2 2
dt
dt
di1
di
M 2
dt
dt
di
di
v2 M 1 L2 2
dt
dt
v1 L1

LEARNING EXAMPLE

Mesh 1

LEARNING EXAMPLE - CONTINUED

Mesh 2

Voltage Terms

PHASORS AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

di1
di
(t ) M 2 (t )
dt
dt
di
di
v2 (t ) M 1 (t ) L2 2 (t )
dt
dt
v1 (t ) L1

Assuming complex V1 jL1 I1 jMI 2

exponential sources V2 jMI1 jL2 I 2

Phasor model for mutually

coupled linear inductors

LEARNING EXAMPLEThe coupled inductors can be connected in four different w

Find the model for each case

CASE I

I
V1

Currents into dots

I
V2

V V1 V2
V1 jL1 I jMI

V2 jMI jL2 I

V j ( L1 L2 2 M ) I j Leq I
CASE 2

Currents into dots

I
V1

V2

V V1 V2

V1 j L1I j MI
V2 j MI j L2 I

V j ( L1 2 M L2 ) I

Leq

Leq 0 imposesa physicalconstrain

on the valueof M

CASE 3

I1

Currents into dots

I2

I I1 I 2
I 2 I I1
V jL1 I1 jMI 2

V jMI1 jL2 I 2
V jL1 I1 jM ( I I1 )
V jMI1 jL2 ( I I1 )
V j ( L1 M ) I1 jMI

/( L2 M )

V j ( L2 M ) I1 jL2 I /( L1 M )
( L1 L2 2 M )V j M ( L2 M ) L2 ( L1 M ) I
L1 L2 M 2
V j
I
L1 L2 2 M
CASE 4

Currents into dots

I2

I1

( V )

I I1 I 2

V jL1 I1 jMI 2
V jMI1 jL2 I 2

L1 L2 M 2
V j
I
L1 L2 2M

LEARNING EXAMPLEFIND THE VOLTAGEV

I2

I1

V1

1. Coupled inductors. Define the

voltages and currents

V2

KVL: 2430 2 I1 V1
VS
KVL: - V2 j 2 I 2 2 I 2 0
MUTUALINDUCTANCECIRCUIT
V1 j 4 I1 j 2( I 2 )
V0 2I 2

2. Write loop equation

in terms of coupled
inductor voltages

3. Write equations fo
coupled inductors

V2 j 2 I1 j 6( I 2 )

VS ( 2 j 4) I1 j 2 I 2

/ j2

0 j 2 I1 (2 j 2 j 6) I 2 / 2 j 4

j 2VS 4 (2 j 4) 2 I 2
j 2VS
j
2VS
I2

8 j16 j 16 8 j
VS
2430
V0 2 I 2

5.373.42
4 2 j 4.4726.57

4. Replace into loop equation

and do the algebra

LEARNING EXAMPLEWrite the mesh equations

I1 I 2

3. Write equations for coupled inductor

I 2 I3

V1

V2

V1 jL1 ( I1 I 2 ) jM ( I 2 I 3 )
V2 jM ( I1 I 2 ) jL2 ( I 2 I 3 )
4. Replace into loop equations and
rearrange terms

1
I1
V R1 jL1
j

1
jL1 jM
I 2 jMI 3

1. Define variables for coupled inductors

j

1
2. Write loop equations in terms of coupled
inductor voltages

V R1 I1 V1

I1 I 2
jC1

V1 R2 I 2 V2 R3 ( I 2 I 3 )
V2

I 2 I1
0
jC1

I3
R4 I 3 R3 ( I 3 I 2 ) 0
j C 2

1
I1
0 jL1 jM
j

1
I 2
jL2 jM R2 jM jL2 R3
j

1
jM jL2 R3 I 3
0 jMI1 jL2 jM R3 I 2

1
jL2
R4 R3 I 3
j C 2

LEARNING EXAMPLE DETERMINE IMPEDANCE SEEN BY THE SOURCE

Zi

Z S 3 j1()
I1

Z L 1 j1()

V1

V2

I2

Z S jL1 I1 ( jM ) I 2 VS

1. Variables for coupled inductors

2. Loop equations in terms of coupled
inductors voltages

3. Equations for coupled inductors

V1 jL1I1 jM ( I 2 )
V2 jMI1 jL2 ( I 2 )
4. Replace and do the algebra

/( Z L jL2 )

( jM ) I1 ( Z L jL2 ) I 2 0 / jM

jL1 j 2()
jL2 j 2()
jM j1()

Z S I1 V1 VS
V2 Z L I 2 0

VS
I1

( Z

jL1 )( Z L jL2 ) ( jM ) 2 I1

( Z L jL2 )VS

VS
( j M ) 2
Zi
( Z S jL1 )
I1
Z L jL2
( j1) 2
1
1 j
Z i 3 j3
3 j3

1 j1
1 j 1 j
1 j
3.5 j 2.5()
2
Z i 4.3035.54()
Z i 3 j3

THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER

1 N1

2 N 2

Insures that no magnetic flux

d
goes astray
v1 ( t ) N1 (t )
v
N
dt
1 1 First ideal transformer

d
v2 N 2 equation
v2 (t ) N 2
(t )
dt
v1 (t )i1 (t ) v2 (t )i2 (t ) 0 Ideal transformer is lossless
i1
N
2 Second ideal transformer
i2
N1 equations

Circuit Representations

v1 N1

;
v2 N 2

i1 N 2

i2 N 1

REFLECTING IMPEDANCES

For future reference

N
S1 V1 I1* V2 1
N2

n
V1 N1

(both signsat dots)

V2 N 2

V2 Z L I 2 (Ohm's Law)
2

N
V1 1 Z L I1
N2
2

N
V1
Z1 1 Z L
I1
N2
Z1 impedance,Z L , reflected
intotheprimaryside

N
I 2 2 V2 I 2* S 2
N1

N2
turnsratio
N1

Phasor equations for ideal transformer

I1 N 2

(CurrentI 2 leavingtransforme
r)
I 2 N1
N
N
V1 2 Z L I1 1
N1
N2

V2
n
I1 nI 2

V1

ZL
n2
S1 S2
Z1

LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine all indicated voltages and currents

n 1 / 4 0.25

I1

1200
1200

2.33 13.5
50 j12 51.4213.5

V1 Z1 I1 (32 j16) 2.33 13.5

83.3613.07

Strategy: reflect impedance into the

primary side and make transformer
transparent to user.
ZL

Z1

n2

ZL

CAREFUL WITH POLARITIES AND

CURRENT DIRECTIONS!

I2

I1
4 I1 (current into dot)
n

V2 nV1 0.25V1 ( is oppositeto dot)

Z1 32 j16

USING THEVENINS THEOREM TO SIMPLIFY CIRCUITS WITH IDEAL TRANSFORME

Replace this circuit with its Thevenin

equivalent

Reflect impedance into

secondary

ZTH

ZTH n 2 Z1

I2 0
I1 0 V1 VS1
I1 nI 2
V1 VS1

VOC nVS1

V2 nV1

To determine the Thevenin impedance...

Equivalent circuit with transformer

made transparent.
One can also determine the Thevenin
equivalent at 1 - 1

USING THEVENINS THEOREM: REFLECTING INTO THE PRIMARY

ZTH

Z2
n2

Find the Thevenin equivalent of Equivalent circuit reflecting

this part
into primary

In opencircuitI1 0 and I 2 0

VOC

VS 2
n

Thevenin impedance will be the the

secondary mpedance reflected into
the primary circuit

Equivalent circuit reflecting

into secondary

LEARNING EXAMPLE Draw the two equivalent circuits

n2

Equivalent circuit reflecti

into secondary

Equivalent circuit reflectin

into primary

LEARNING EXAMPLEFindVo
Thevenin equivalent of this part

To computeVo is betterto reflectintosecondary

But before doing that it is better to simplify the primary using Thevenins The

Vd

ZTH

j16 8 j8 j16
2

4 j4
4 j4

ZTH

2 j6 1 j 8 j4

1 j 1 j
2

VOC Vd 4 90

Vd

j4
24 90
240
4 j4
1 j

VOC 14.42 33.69(V )

ZTH 2 (4 || j 4)

ZTH 4 j 2()

This equivalent circuit is now transferred t

the secondary

LEARNING EXAMPLE (continued)

n2

Thevenin equivalent of primary side

Equivalent circuit reflectin

into secondary

Circuit with primary transferred to secondary

Vo

2
2 28.84 33.69
28.84 33.69
20 j 5
20.62 14.04

LEARNING EXAMPLE Find I1 , I 2 ,V1 ,V2

2V1 V2 2 I1 100

I1 50

V1 (1 j )V2 2 I 2 0
n2

V2 2V1
I1 2 I 2

I 2 2.50

V1 (1 j )(2V1 ) 50

V1
Nothing can be transferred. Use
transformer equations and circuit
analysis tools
Phasor equations for ideal transformer

V2
n
I1 nI 2
V 100 V1 V2
@ Node1: 1

I1 0
2
2
V V V
@Node2: 2 1 2 I 2 0
2
j2
V1

4 equations in 4 unknowns!

50
50

563.43
1 j 2 2.24 63.43

V2 2 563.43