Well Log Analysis.

CIT-ChE

Log-Interpretation

Basic Concepts of Log Analysis

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Lithology
3. Porosity
4. Water Saturation
5. Permeability
6. Hydrocarbon Type and Pay Counting

Introduction
The basic log analysis:
Identification of porous and permeable reservoir rocks
Porosity estimation
Water saturation calculation
Differentiation between oil and gas bearing sections

Features of Well Logging

Data Acquisition

Logs Application

TOOLs

Signal Received

Signal Excited

Formatio
n

Different
Logs

Theory,metho
d and
experience

Physics Fields

Many sorts, much data

High Vertical and bad horizontal Resolution
Badly affected by hole
Need integration with other information

Formation
Evaluation,et
c.

The Fundamental Questions

What kind of rock is present?
Are any hydrocarbon present? If so,
should a test be run and the well
completed?
What kind of hydrocarbon is present: oil,
gas or condensate?
How much is there (i.e., net pay, porosity,
Sw, reserves)?

Track 1: Vsh, K
Track 2: e , Vf in pore space.
Track 3: Sw
Track 4: lithology, pore space.

Lithology

The first step of log analysis is to

determine the Lithology profile (and
mineral content analysis).
By Lithology identification, the log
analysts can concentrate on the sections
containing potential reservoir rock.

The Criteria to Use for Sifting

Reservoir Rocks
Low GR
Good SP development
Relative separation of resistivity curves

Non-Reservoir Rocks
High GR
Flat SP
Resistivity curves stack

Porosity
The porosity of a formation is defined as the
volume of the pore space divided by the
volume of the rock containing the pore space.
This definition ignores the question of
whether or not the pores are interconnected.

Measurement of Porosity

Porosity may be measured by a variety of methods

including:
Wireline logging
Core analysis;
You should not be surprised when porosity
estimates from different techniques do not agree.

Water Saturation-Sw
Water saturation is defined as the volume
fraction of the pore space occupied by water
(see following figure).
Two phases:
1=So+Sw
Three phases:
1=Sg+So+Sw

Permeability (K)
Permeability is a measure of how easily
fluids can flow through a formation.
While porosity is a static property of a rock,
permeability is a dynamic one. If flow is
laminar then Darcys relation can be used
to define K in terms of flow rate (Q), area
(A), length (L), Pressure differential (P),
and fluid viscosity () such that:
k=(QL)/(PA)

Measurement of Permeability
There are many ways to estimate permeability,
including:
One relies upon empirical correlations
between porosity and irreducible water saturation

Pressure buildup from DST

Pressure draw-down and buildup from FMT

Log analysis

Core analysis

Hydrocarbon Type and Pay Counting

Hydrocarbon Type:
To distinguish between oil and gas, neutrondensity log leave its fingerprint on the
neutron/density overlay (see the plot on next
page).

Pay Counting:
Not all of pay section will
produce hydrocarbons. There
are low porosity shale streaks
which have no permeability, and
there are sections at the base of
the interval that will produce
water.

Computer Center Integrated Analysis

What do our clients want to know?

We have:
Conventional
logging data

We can offer:

Reservoir
property
information

Special logging
data
Mud logging data

Other data ...

Geological
structure
information

Other information ...

Reservoir Property Calculation Flow Chart

Input logging data
Environmental
correction
Generate Lithology
Profile
Calculate porosity, saturation and
permeability
Calculate hydrocarbon bearing
zone thickness
Output results

Lithology Profile Generated Method

t = tf * + t1 *V1+ t2 * V2 + t3 * V3
b = f * + 1 * V1 + 2 * V2+ 3 * V3
N = f* + 1 * V1 + 2 * V2 + 3 * V3
1 = + V1 + V2 +V3

V1
V2
V3

Porosity Calculation
(tc tma )
1. By sonic: S =

Cp(tf tma )
( ma b ) Vsh( ma sh)

2. By density: D =

ma b
3. By neutron: N , use directly or need lithology correcting.
4. By 3-porosity crossplot, which can also generate Lithology
Profile. (As shown in last page)
5. By core analysis,, MRIL or other methods.

Saturation and Permeability Calculation

Resistivity

Porosity(
)

I Rt R0 b S

n
w

F R0 Rw a m

0.054*Perm=
4 Swi

So = 1 -- Sw

Kint=104.4+A+3.0*lg

nS =(
ab Rw
w

m Rt

Other
transforms

More, click
here

Saturation

Other transforms

Permeability

-2.0lg(1- )

Softwares

Logging Data Processing Results

Logging Data Processing Results

Log, Mudlog, Welltest, Seismic, Geological

Geological Problems:
- Petroleum Geology
- Petroleum Engineering
- Basic Geology

Basin, Tectonic belt, Reservoir, Well