Sloping sites

Sloping sites require stepped foundations. Guidelines are given

in the Building Regulations.
Foundation Types
A quick guide to the most common types of foundation
Strip Foundation

A continuous strip of concrete supporting load-bearing walls.

For a single storey building strip foundations will typically be
450mm wide and at least 200mm deep, and for two storeys
600mm wide and 200mm deep.
Deep Strip Foundations:Deep strip foundations: Where
strip foundations need to be at a lower level to reach soil with
suitable bearing capacity, a wider, deeper trench can be dug
to work in, and the strip foundations dug and poured at a lower
level. Walls are then built up to ground level in masonry.
Wide Strip Foundations:Wide strip foundations: Where the
soil is soft or of a low load-bearing capacity, wide strip
foundations can be used to spread the load over a larger area,
reinforced with steel so that the loading per m is reduced.

Trenchfill Foundation
Due to the high cost of labour, deep strip
foundations have largely been replaced by trench
fill. Trenches are dug to a depth where the subsoil
provides sufficient load-bearing capacity, and the
whole trench is filled with concrete. Steel
reinforcement may be added in areas close to
trees.
Compared to deep strip foundations, trench fill
minimises the width of the dig and the labour and
materials required for building masonry below
ground level, offsetting the cost of the additional
concrete.

Raft Foundation
A reinforced concrete raft or mat is used on very
weak or expansive soils such as clays or peat. They
allow the building to float on or in the soil. A raft is
used where the soil requires such a large bearing
area that wide strip foundations are spread too far,
making it more economical to pour one large

Piled Foundation
Short bore pile and beam:Where the
ground conditions will not support strip
foundations and the depth of trench fill
foundations become uneconomic, or
ground conditions make them unsuitable,
a series of columns (piles) can be bored
and cast in-situ, or precast piles driven
into place until they reach stronger
strata.
Short bore piles are typically 23m long
and can be reinforced with steel. Each
pile is then connected at the top by a
precast horizontal beam of reinforced
concrete. A suspended reinforced
concrete ground floor can then be built
using precast components, or cast in
situ.
Friction Piles:A similar concept to
short bore pile and beam used in
situations where there is no suitable
bearing stratum at an acceptable depth.

Pad Foundations
Used when isolated
loads need to be
supported, for instance
to support the columns
of a steel or post and
beam frame house. The
load is concentrated on
a small
How
Theyarea.
Work
In basic terms, the purpose of a foundation is to distribute the
weight to be carried over a sufficient surface as to prevent the
subsoil from spreading and avoid an unequal settlement of the
structure. This particular example is of a concrete strip
foundation. The strip footing must be considerably wider than
the wall it supports in order to be structurally sound.
The depth of foundations varies with the character of the
subsoil, but any brick wall below ground, such as this wall base,
should be built with cement mortar. A drainage membrane
prevents the intrusion of water onto the foundation wall. A
suspended slab is supported at the wall base over the hardcore.
A subsoil drain is laid beneath the ground in gravel to dry out

Pad Foundations
Used when isolated loads need to be supported, for instance to
support the columns of a steel or post and beam frame house.
The load is concentrated on a small area.
How They Work
In basic terms, the purpose of a foundation is to distribute the
weight to be carried over a sufficient surface as to prevent the
subsoil from spreading and avoid an unequal settlement of the
structure. This particular example is of a concrete strip
foundation. The strip footing must be considerably wider than
the wall it supports in order to be structurally sound.
The depth of foundations varies with the character of the
subsoil, but any brick wall below ground, such as this wall
base, should be built with cement mortar. A drainage
membrane prevents the intrusion of water onto the foundation
wall. A suspended slab is supported at the wall base over the
hardcore. A subsoil drain is laid beneath the ground in gravel
to dry out damp soil and lead seepage water away from the
foundations to a public drain.

Composite truss

The CompositeRoofTruss is made of two materials such as

timber and steel. Due to Combination of two materials this
truss known as the composite roof trusses.
In this roof, the tension members are made from steel and
compression member are made from wood. Steel is used as
tension member because it has to resists tensile stresses.
Steel is having greater tensile strength than timber. So the tie
beam and king post are made of steel.
Principal rafters in composite trusses are made of timber, as
the rectangular sections of timber have a great strength in
compression and purlins can be fixed easily.
If tension members are made from timber than the section of
trusses become very heavy. So the steel is used in tension
members and reduces the section at joints.
The special fittings are required at the junction of steel and
timber member.
The joints in composite trusses should be such as cast or
forged fittings.
In composite roofs are used different types of fittings such as
C.I head, C.I shoe, steel angle bolts and straps.

Source:-Adams' Building
Construction