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Aselectivedisruptionoftheprocesses
underlyinglongtermmemory
Shorttermandsensorymemoryare
typicallyfunctional
Othercognitivefunctionsarenotimpaired
Intelligence,attention...
AmnesiaWhatisit?
Aselectivedisruptionoftheprocesses
underlyinglongtermmemory
Shorttermandsensorymemoryare
typicallyfunctional
Othercognitivefunctionsarenotimpaired
Intelligence,attention...
RecencyvsPrimacy
Amnesiapatientsexhibitrecencyeffectbut
notprimacyeffect
Longterm
memory
Shortterm
memory
QuickTime and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
AmnesiaWhatisit?
Aselectivedisruptionoftheprocesses
underlyinglongtermmemory
Shorttermandsensorymemoryare
typicallyfunctional
Othercognitivefunctionsarenotimpaired
Intelligence,attention...
Retrograde&Anterograde
RetrogradeamnesiaLossofinformation
thatwaslearnedbeforetheonsetofamnesia
Anterogradeamnesiainabilitytolearnnew
informationaftertheonsetofamnesia
Bothcanoccurinthesamepatientand
commonlydo
Retrograde&Anterograde
RetrogradeamnesiaLossofinformation
thatwaslearnedbeforetheonsetofamnesia
Anterogradeamnesiainabilitytolearnnew
informationaftertheonsetofamnesia
Bothcanoccurinthesamepatientand
commonlydo
CausesofAmnesia
Concussion
Migraines
Hypoglycemia
Epilepsy
Electroconvulsiveshocktherapy
Specificbrainlesions(i.e.surgicalremoval)
Ischemicevents
Drugs(esp.anesthetics)
Infection
Psychological
Nutritionaldeficiency
Typesofmemory
Proposedtypesofmemory
Factmemory
Skillmemory
Declarative
Nondeclarative(Procedural)
Memory
Habit
Explicit
Implicit
Knowingthat
KnowingHow
Cognitivemediation
Semantic
Consciousrecollection
Skills
Elaboration
Integration
Memorywithrecord
Memorywithoutrecord
Autobiographical
Perceptual
representational
Dispositional
Verticalassociation
Horizontalassociation
Locale
Taxon
Episodic
Semantic
Working
Reference
Brainregionsassociatedwith
humanamnesia
Diencephalicamnesiadamagetothe
medialthalamusandmamillarynuclei
Medialtemporallobeamnesiadamageto
thehippocampalformation,uncus,
amygdala,andsurroundingcorticalareas
Brainregionsassociatedwith
humanamnesia
Diencephalicamnesiadamagetothe
medialthalamusandmamillarynuclei
Medialtemporallobeamnesiadamageto
thehippocampalformation,uncus,
amygdala,andsurroundingcorticalareas
DiencephalicAmnesia
Damagetothemedial
thalamusand/or
mamillarybodies
stroke
Korsakoffssyndrome
Causedbythiamine
deficiencyasaresult
ofchronicalcoholism
Korsakoffssymptoms
Anterogradeamnesia
Retrogradeamnesia
Coversmostoftheadultlife
Lackofinsight
Typicallyunawareofmemory
problems
Confabulation
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TIFF (Uncompressed) decompre
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Patientmakesupstoriestofill
inthepast
MedialTemporallobeamnesia
Hippocampusismostimportantsiteof
damage
CaseH.M.
Epilepticpatient
Hadmedialtemporallobesremovedtostop
seizures
SeizureswerereducedbutH.M.becameseverely
amnesiac.
CaseH.M.
Hisintelligenceisabovenormal
IQ=112
Performsnormallyonalltestsofshortterm
memory
Selectivelongtermmemoryimpairment
CaseH.M.
Controlbrain
H.M.
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TIFF (LZW) decompressor
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CaseH.M.
Memoryimpairmentforrecentevents
spansthe3yearspriortohissurgery
Capableofrecallingchildhoodmemories
Anterogradeamnesiawasinitiallythought
tobeglobal(alltypesofmemory)
laterdiscoveredthatcertaintypesof
learningareintact
QuickTime and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
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CaseH.M.
Gravememoryimpairmentforrecent
events
spansthe3yearspriortohissurgery
Capableofrecallingchildhoodmemories
Anterogradeamnesiawasinitiallythought
tobeglobal(alltypesofmemory)
laterdiscoveredthatcertaintypesof
learningareintact
CaseH.M.
Primingstillworks
H.M.canstillformproceduralmemories
CaseH.M.
TheGollinincompletepicturetest
subjectsaskedtoidentifytheobject
picturesareshowninsequencefromleastto
mostclear
shownthesameimagesatalaterdate
bothamnesiacsandcontrolsubjectsidentifythe
objectatanearlierstage
QuickTime
and
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and
aaa a
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TIFF
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decompressor
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CaseH.M.
Mirrordrawingtask.
Tracefigurewhilelookinginamirror
Controlsubjectsgetbetteratthiswithrepetitive
training.
QuickTime and a
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CaseH.M.
Mirrordrawingtask
H.M.improvedwith
repeatedtraining.
Proceduralmemoryis
intact
Hecannotrecallever
havingperformedthis
taskbefore
40
Day1Day2Day3
30
20
10
0
CaseH.M.
Doesntrememberthedeathofhisfather
Cantrememberordescribehisjob
Doesntrememberhisexaminers
CaseH.M.
Accordingtoourmemorydichotomies,
whattypeofmemoryisthemedialtemporal
lobe(especiallythehippocampus)
responsiblefor?
Typesofmemory
CaseH.M.
H.M.sRetrogradeamnesiaistemporallygraded
remotememoryissparedbutrecentmemoryislost
Notallamnesiapatientsshowthispattern
V.C.,N.A.haveextensiveretrogradeamnesia(flat
gradient)
Memory recall ability
H.M.
Control
N.A.
recall performance
Recent
Remote
Age of memory
Lessonsfromamnesia
ExistenceofMultiplememorysystems
Localizationofcognitivefunctions
S.
Photographicextremememoryability(a
mnemonist)
Abletorecallcomplexteststimuli
S.
Photographicextremememoryability(a
mnemonist)
Abletorecallcomplexteststimuli
S.usedtwostrategiesorabilitiestypicalof
mnemonists:
richsynesthesialikequalitytohisperceptionofstimuli
leadstostrongerassociativelinks
vividandelaboratementalimageryofthingsheshould
remember
S.
Evennumbersremindmeofimages.
Takethenumber1.Thisisaproud,well
builtman;2isahighspiritedwoman;3a
gloomyperson(shy,IdontKnow);6a
manwithaswollenfoot...
Luria,A.R.Themindofamnemonist.1968
Luria,A.R.Themanwithashatteredworld.1972