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AmnesiaWhatisit?

Aselectivedisruptionoftheprocesses
underlyinglongtermmemory
Shorttermandsensorymemoryare
typicallyfunctional
Othercognitivefunctionsarenotimpaired
Intelligence,attention...

AmnesiaWhatisit?
Aselectivedisruptionoftheprocesses
underlyinglongtermmemory
Shorttermandsensorymemoryare
typicallyfunctional
Othercognitivefunctionsarenotimpaired
Intelligence,attention...

RecencyvsPrimacy
Amnesiapatientsexhibitrecencyeffectbut
notprimacyeffect
Longterm
memory

Shortterm
memory

QuickTime and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

AmnesiaWhatisit?
Aselectivedisruptionoftheprocesses
underlyinglongtermmemory
Shorttermandsensorymemoryare
typicallyfunctional
Othercognitivefunctionsarenotimpaired
Intelligence,attention...

Retrograde&Anterograde
RetrogradeamnesiaLossofinformation
thatwaslearnedbeforetheonsetofamnesia
Anterogradeamnesiainabilitytolearnnew
informationaftertheonsetofamnesia
Bothcanoccurinthesamepatientand
commonlydo

Retrograde&Anterograde
RetrogradeamnesiaLossofinformation
thatwaslearnedbeforetheonsetofamnesia
Anterogradeamnesiainabilitytolearnnew
informationaftertheonsetofamnesia
Bothcanoccurinthesamepatientand
commonlydo

CausesofAmnesia

Concussion
Migraines
Hypoglycemia
Epilepsy
Electroconvulsiveshocktherapy
Specificbrainlesions(i.e.surgicalremoval)
Ischemicevents
Drugs(esp.anesthetics)
Infection
Psychological
Nutritionaldeficiency

Typesofmemory

Proposedtypesofmemory
Factmemory

Skillmemory

Declarative

Nondeclarative(Procedural)

Memory

Habit

Explicit

Implicit

Knowingthat

KnowingHow

Cognitivemediation

Semantic

Consciousrecollection

Skills

Elaboration

Integration

Memorywithrecord

Memorywithoutrecord

Autobiographical

Perceptual

representational

Dispositional

Verticalassociation

Horizontalassociation

Locale

Taxon

Episodic

Semantic

Working

Reference

Brainregionsassociatedwith
humanamnesia
Diencephalicamnesiadamagetothe
medialthalamusandmamillarynuclei
Medialtemporallobeamnesiadamageto
thehippocampalformation,uncus,
amygdala,andsurroundingcorticalareas

Brainregionsassociatedwith
humanamnesia
Diencephalicamnesiadamagetothe
medialthalamusandmamillarynuclei
Medialtemporallobeamnesiadamageto
thehippocampalformation,uncus,
amygdala,andsurroundingcorticalareas

DiencephalicAmnesia
Damagetothemedial
thalamusand/or
mamillarybodies
stroke

Korsakoffssyndrome
Causedbythiamine
deficiencyasaresult
ofchronicalcoholism

Korsakoffssymptoms
Anterogradeamnesia
Retrogradeamnesia
Coversmostoftheadultlife

Lackofinsight
Typicallyunawareofmemory
problems

Confabulation

QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompre
are needed to see this picture

Patientmakesupstoriestofill
inthepast

MedialTemporallobeamnesia
Hippocampusismostimportantsiteof
damage

CaseH.M.
Epilepticpatient
Hadmedialtemporallobesremovedtostop
seizures
SeizureswerereducedbutH.M.becameseverely
amnesiac.

CaseH.M.
Hisintelligenceisabovenormal
IQ=112

Performsnormallyonalltestsofshortterm
memory
Selectivelongtermmemoryimpairment

CaseH.M.
Controlbrain

H.M.

QuickTime and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

CaseH.M.
Memoryimpairmentforrecentevents
spansthe3yearspriortohissurgery

Capableofrecallingchildhoodmemories
Anterogradeamnesiawasinitiallythought
tobeglobal(alltypesofmemory)
laterdiscoveredthatcertaintypesof
learningareintact
QuickTime and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

CaseH.M.
Gravememoryimpairmentforrecent
events
spansthe3yearspriortohissurgery

Capableofrecallingchildhoodmemories
Anterogradeamnesiawasinitiallythought
tobeglobal(alltypesofmemory)
laterdiscoveredthatcertaintypesof
learningareintact

CaseH.M.
Primingstillworks
H.M.canstillformproceduralmemories

CaseH.M.

TheGollinincompletepicturetest

subjectsaskedtoidentifytheobject
picturesareshowninsequencefromleastto
mostclear
shownthesameimagesatalaterdate
bothamnesiacsandcontrolsubjectsidentifythe
objectatanearlierstage
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CaseH.M.
Mirrordrawingtask.
Tracefigurewhilelookinginamirror
Controlsubjectsgetbetteratthiswithrepetitive
training.
QuickTime and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

CaseH.M.
Mirrordrawingtask
H.M.improvedwith
repeatedtraining.
Proceduralmemoryis
intact
Hecannotrecallever
havingperformedthis
taskbefore

40

Day1Day2Day3

30
20
10
0

CaseH.M.
Doesntrememberthedeathofhisfather
Cantrememberordescribehisjob
Doesntrememberhisexaminers

CaseH.M.
Accordingtoourmemorydichotomies,
whattypeofmemoryisthemedialtemporal
lobe(especiallythehippocampus)
responsiblefor?

Typesofmemory

CaseH.M.
H.M.sRetrogradeamnesiaistemporallygraded
remotememoryissparedbutrecentmemoryislost

Notallamnesiapatientsshowthispattern
V.C.,N.A.haveextensiveretrogradeamnesia(flat
gradient)
Memory recall ability

H.M.
Control
N.A.
recall performance

Recent

Remote
Age of memory

Lessonsfromamnesia
ExistenceofMultiplememorysystems
Localizationofcognitivefunctions

S.

Photographicextremememoryability(a
mnemonist)
Abletorecallcomplexteststimuli

S.
Photographicextremememoryability(a
mnemonist)
Abletorecallcomplexteststimuli
S.usedtwostrategiesorabilitiestypicalof
mnemonists:
richsynesthesialikequalitytohisperceptionofstimuli
leadstostrongerassociativelinks
vividandelaboratementalimageryofthingsheshould
remember

S.
Evennumbersremindmeofimages.
Takethenumber1.Thisisaproud,well
builtman;2isahighspiritedwoman;3a
gloomyperson(shy,IdontKnow);6a
manwithaswollenfoot...
Luria,A.R.Themindofamnemonist.1968
Luria,A.R.Themanwithashatteredworld.1972

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