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DISORDER (OCD)
STEVYANA SURYARAHMAN
201520401011108
JUNITA ANGGRAINI
201520401011154
Definition
Obsessivecompulsive disorder
(OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder
characterized by obsessions or
compulsions (or both) that are
distressing, time-consuming, or
substantially impairing
About 3.3 million adults ages 18-54
have OCD. (National Institute of
Mental Health)
Equally common in both males &
Epidemiology
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The person must have recognized at some
point that the obsessions or compulsions are
excessive or unreasonable.
These recurrent obsessions or compulsions
must be severe enough to be time consuming
(taking up more than 1 hour per day).
The obsessions/compulsions must cause a
marked distress or significantly interfere with
the individuals normal routine, occupational
functioning, or usual social activities or
relationships with others.
OBSESSIONS
Recurrent & persistent thought, impulses, or
images that are experienced, at some time during
the disturbance, as intrusive and inappropriate &
that cause marked anxiety or distress.
The thoughts, impulses, or images arent simply
excessive worries about life problems.
The person attempts to ignore or suppress such
thoughts, impulses, or images, or to neutralize
them with some other thought or action.
The person recognizes that the obsessional
thoughts, impulses, or images are a product of
his/her own mind (not imposed from without as in
thought insertion).
COMMON OBSESSIONS
(Thoughts)
Repeated thoughts about
contamination (public restrooms or
shaking hands).
Repeated doubts (leaving lights on or
leaving the door unlocked)
Things or objects need to be in a
particular place or order (intense
distress when objects are disordered
or asymmetrical)
COMPULSIONS
Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing,
ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying,
counting, repeating words silently) that the
person feels driven to perform in response to an
obsession, or according to rules that must be
applied rigidly.
The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at
preventing or reducing distress or preventing
some dreaded event or situation; however, these
behaviors or mental acts either are not connected
in a realistic way with what they are designed to
neutralize or prevent or are clearly excessive.
COMMON COMPULSIONS
(Behaviors)
Hand washing (so repetitive that they
become raw).
Counting (how many cards in a deck,
over and over again).
Cleaning (spots on windows)
Checking (the lights to make sure
theyre off; locked doors every few
minutes.
Request/demand assurances
Repeat actions & ordering.
Pathophysiology
Several brain structures and functions have been
implicated in OCD. Studies have consistently
shown hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortex and
caudate. Other key implicated regions (suggesting
abnormalities in functional or structural
connections) include the anterior cingulate cortex,
thalamus, amygdala, and parietal cortex.
Neuropsychological studies involving patients with
OCD have shown deficits in cognitive abilities that
are linked to the functioning of the frontal lobe and
its related frontosubcortical structures, such as
executive functioning, impulsivity in motor
function, and cognitive inflexibility (i.e., not
changing behavior on the basis of new
information).
Diagnostic
Differential Diagnosis
Anxiety disorder
Due to a General
Medical Condition
Substance induced
Anxiety Disorder
Body Dysmorphic
Disorder
Specific or Social
Phobias
(Trichotillomania)
Major Depressive
Episode
Generalized
Anxiety Disorder
Tic Disorder
Stereotypic
Movement Disorder
OCD Treatment
Strategies
OCD Treatment
Strategies
T y p e s o f T re a tm e n t
P h a rm a c o th e ra p y
S e r o t o n in R e u p t a k e I n h ib it o r s
C lo m ip r a m in e
( A n a fr a n il)
F lu o x e t in e
(P ro z a c )
S e r t r a lin e
( Z o lo ft )
F lu v o x a m in e
(L u v o x )
P a r o x a t in e
( P a x il)
Treatment
Behavior Therapy
A specific behavior therapy approach called
exposure and response prevention is effective.
In this approach, the patient is deliberately and
voluntarily exposed to the feared object or idea,
either directly or by imagination, and then is
prevented from carrying out the usual
compulsive response.
When treatment works well, the patient
gradually experiences anxiety form the
obsessive thoughts and becomes able to do
without the compulsive actions for extended
periods of time.
Cognitive Therapy
OCD Prognosis
OCD Prognosis