Lecture 5.

0: Convection Flux and Reynolds

Transport Theorem
1.

System, Surroundings, and Their Interaction

2.

Classification of Systems:
Identified Volume,

Identified Mass,

and Isolated System

Questions of Interest:

Given the identified volume (IV) of interest and the relevant fields ( x
, t ),

( x , t ), V ( x , t )

NV (t ) ?
Q2: dNV (t )
?
dt
volume
?
FN ?

How much is N contained in a moving/deforming volume V (t ) ?

How much is the time rate of change of N in a moving/deforming

Q3:

Convection Flux of N Through A Surface S:

Q1:

transported/convected
through
dN (t )
(t )a moving/deforming surface
dN
MV

Q4:

dt

RTT:

CV

V (t )

At what rate is N being

S (t )

dt is the relation between the time rates of

What

change of N in the coincident MV and CV?

abj

Motivation for The Reynolds Transport Theorem

(RTT)
1.

Physical laws (in the form we are familiar with) are applied to an identified mass (MV).
They can be written in generic form in terms of the time rate of change of property N of an MV as

Source of change
of N in MV(t)

N
Time

Time rate of change

of N of MV(t)

2.

dN MV (t )
dt

SN

dM MV (t )
dt

dPMV (t )
dt

dN MV (t )
dt

Mass
Time

Momentum

Time

However, in fluid flow applications, we are often interested in what happens in a region in space,
i.e., in an identified volume or CV. Hence, we want to know the time rate of change of property N

dN CV (t )
dt

of a CV

Thus, in order to apply the physical laws from the point of view of a CV instead, we need to find
the relation

abj

dN MV (t )

dt

dN CV (t )
f
???
dt

Very Brief Summary of Important Points and

Equations [1]

N in any moving/deforming volume V(t)

Time rate of change of N of V(t)

NV (t )

( dV )

V (t )

dNV (t ) d

dt
dt

Convection flux of N through a surface A

FN

[N ]

( dV )

( V f / s dA)

dQ
dm
V (t )

N
Time

N
Time

dN

RTT

dN MV (t )
dt

Time rate of change

of N of MV (t )

dN CV (t )
dt

Time rate of change

of N of CV (t )

NV (t )

( dV ),

( V f / s dA) ,

CS ( t )

N
Time

Net convection efflux of N

through CS (t )

V (t ) MV (t ) or CV (t )

V (t )

abj

Fundamental Concept: System-SurroundingsInteraction

Universe / Isolated System

Surroundings
Interaction
Mechanical interaction (force)
Thermal interaction (energy and energy transfer)
Electrical, Chemical, etc.

(Physical) System

The very first task in any one problem:

Identify the system
Identify the surroundings
Identify the interactions between the system and its surroundings, e.g.,
Mechanics

- Force (identify all the forces on the system by its surroundings)

Thermodynamics

- Energy and Energy Transfer (identify all forms of

energy and energy transfer between the system and its surroundings)

abj

Classification of Systems:
Identified Volume, Identified Mass, and Isolated System
Identified Volume/Region (IV / IR)
[Control Volume (CV), Open system]
An identified region/volume of interest.
There can be exchange of mass and energy with its surroundings.

IV
Identified Mass (IM)

IM

[Material Volume (MV), Control Mass (CM), Closed system]

A special case of an IV.

IS

It is an IV that always contains the same identified mass.

Thus, there can be exchange of energy with its surroundings, but
not mass.

Isolated System (IS)

A special case of an MV, hence of an IV.
It is an MV that does not exchange energy with its surroundings.
In other words, it is an IV that does not exchange both mass and energy
with its surroundings.

abj

Given a surface S of interest and the relevant fields

( x , t ), ( x , t ), V f / s ( x , t )

Q3:

FN ?

Convection Flux of N Through A Surface S:

At what rate is N being transported/convected through a moving/deforming

surface

?
Convection Flux of N Through S

FN

abj

( V f / s dA)

dQ
dm
dN

N
Time

Convection Flux of N Through A Surface S

Hot water

S
Alaska pipeline
From http://www.hickerphoto.com/alaska-oil-pipeline-6765-pictures.htm

MOTIVATION for The Expression and Quantification of Flux / Flowrate

What is the volume flowrate of water through the cross section S of a pipe?

[Volume /

Time]
What is the mass flowrate of water through the cross section S of a pipe?

[Mass / Time]

What is the time rate of thermal energy being transported/convected with (the mass of)
water through the cross section S of a pipe?

[Energy / Time]

What is the time rate of any property N being transported/convected with the mass flow
through abj
a surface S?

[ N / Time]

Nomenclature

dA

Local value of the fields , , V f / s f ( x , t )

Vf /s

Surface element dA

The flow of mass through

the moving

surface element dA over a period of

Extensive property

N
m

Local fluid/mass velocity relative to a reference frame (RF)

Vf

Local surface velocity relative to RF

Vs

Local relative velocity of fluid wrt surface

abj

Intensive property of N

V f / s V f Vs

dt

N
Mass


dA
dl cos

Local value of the fields ,

Vf /s

dl

Volume element

Surface element dA

A
Distance

dl

of fluid travelling over

The flow of mass through

the moving

surface element dA over a period of

d (Vol )

dt

Volume outflow

dl
d (Vol )

dQ

d (Vol ) / dt

Mass flowrate
N flowrate

dm
dN dm
abj

dQ

( dQ)

Vf /s

Volume flowrate

, V f / s f ( x, t )

dt

dl cos dA

V f / s cos dA dt

(V f / s dA) dt

Volume

(V f / s dA)

(V f / s dA)

dQ

( V f / s dA)

dm

dt

Volume
Time

Mass
Time

N
Time 9

Q3:

Convection Flux of N Through S

Net Convection
Efflux of N Through S

dA
dA

Outside
Vf /s

Surface element dA

Vf /s

Surface element dA

Inside

Open surface

Closed surface

Convection Flux of N Through S

FN

( V f / s dA)

dQ
dm
dN
abj

Net Convection Efflux of N Through S

N
Time

FN ( V f / s dA)
S

Nothing but sum all over the closed

surface.

10

Volume, Mass, and N Convection Flux/Flowrate

Through S

dA

Vf /s

Outside

Surface element dA

A
Inside

Volume Flowrate

Q V f / s dA

Volume
Time

Mass Flowrate

V f / s dA

Mass
Time

N Flowrate

FN ( V f / s dA)

abj

N
Time

11

Sign (+ / -) of Volume/Mass Flowrate

dA

Vf /s

Outside

Surface element

Inside

dA

Vf /s

V f / s dA

dm dQ V f / s dA
dQ

0 /2

dA

Outside

Volume/Mass outflow is positive:

Volume/Mass inflow is negative:

Surface element

dA

dQ V f / s dA

dm dQ V f / s dA

/2

Inside

NOTE:

The sign of N-flowrate depends also on the sign of

dN ( V f / s dA)

If is a vector component, it can be positive or negative.

abj

dm

12

Net Convection Efflux Through A Closed Surface S

dA

Vf /s

Flow

If there is a net rate of outflow,

Q, m 0

If there is a net rate of inflow,

Q, m 0

Closed surface S

Volume Flowrate

Q V f / s dA

Mass Flowrate

m V f / s dA
A

abj

Volume
Time

Mass
Time

13

Special Case: Uniform Properties Over The

Surface

dA

Vf /s

Outside

Surface element dA

Inside

If

V f / s is uniform over A:

Q V f / s dA

If , V f / s are uniform over A:

V f / s dA

If , V f / s , are uniform over A:

FN ( V f / s dA)

abj

A : dA Net area vector of the surface A

V f / s dA

Vf /s A

V f / s dA

Vf /s A

V f / s dA
A

( V f / s A) m Q

14


dA

Vf /s

Outside

Surface element dA

A
Inside

If

is uniform - but V f / s is not - over A:

m V f / s dA
V f / s dA

Q,

where

Q : V f / s dA
A

If is uniform but , V f / s are not - over A:

FN ( V f / s dA)
A

abj

V f / s dA
A

m ,

where m : V f / s dA
A

15

Example:
Evaluate the flux by using the
elemental area element
y

Problem:

y=+a

dA

Flow

y=-a

dA (dydz ) i
2

y
V ( x , t ) (u , v, w) U c 1 i
a

The velocity field is given by

through the cross sectional surface S.

Find the volume flowrate

If the density of fluid is

The area-averaged velocity is defined by

abj

, find the mass flowrate m

V :

Q
A

through the same surface

, find

S.

over the same surface

S.
16

Given the identified volume (IV)

V (t )

of interest and the relevant fields

( x , t ), ( x , t )
Q1:

NV (t ) ?

How much is N contained in a moving/deforming

volume

Q2:

dNV (t )
?
dt

V (t )

How much is the time rate of change of N in a

moving/deforming volume

abj

V (t )

17


Q1: Property N in A Volume V(t) for A Given
( x , t )Field
y

Evaluated at Fixed Time t

NV (t )

dV,
dm = dV,
dN = dm= dV

( dV )

dm
V (t )

Sum over V (t )

dN

Dimension [N]

V(t), S (t)
x

The Total Amount of Property N in A Volume V(t) at time t:

Consider an infinitesimal volume dV at any time t:
An infinitesimal volume

dV

Mass in an infinitesimal volume dV =

N contained in an infinitesimal volume dV

dm
=

dN

dm

dV

= dV

[Volume]
[Mass]
[N]

N contained in a finite volume V at time t is then the sum of all dNs corresponding to all dVs in V

V (t) can be any volume, material or control, depending upon the choice of the domain of integration.
Since NV(t) depends upon ,

, and the domain V (t),

in the same field, if the MV(t) and CV(t) coincide,

NV (t ) N MV (t ) N CV (t )

abj
After the volume integration
(with domain variable with time t), NV is a function of t alone, NV (t ) .

18

Q2:

NV (t )of
Time Rate of Change
V(t+t), S(t+t)

V(t), S(t)

t = t +t

t=t

After the function NV (t ) is found,

NV (t )

( dV )

dm

V (t ) dN

[N ]

the time rate of change of N within the volume V(t) as we follow the volume can be found from
the time derivative

dNV (t )
d

dt
dt

N
Time

(dV
)

V (t ) dm

abj

dN

19

Example:

Evaluation of Property N in A Volume V(t)

Intensive

Property N

Mass

Angular
Momentum

r V

Entropy

Linear
Momentum

Energy

Extensive

P MV

H r MV

E Me

S Ms

abj

Mass Integral

Volume Integral

dm

dV

system mass

V (t )

dm

dV

system mass

V (t )

Vdm

system mass

(r V )dm

system mass

VdV

V (t )

(r V ) dV

V (t )

edm

system mass

sdm

system mass

Time Rate of Change in V(t)

dt

dV

dt

dV

dt

V (t )

V (t )

sdV

V (t )

VdV

dt

V (t )

edV

V (t )

(r V ) dV

dt

V (t )

edV

dt

V (t )

sdV

V (t )

20

Q4:

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT):

What is the relation between the time rates of change of N in the

coincident MV and CV?
dN MV (t )
dt

dN CV (t )
dt

Increase in N of MV (t )

( Vf /s dA)
CS (t )
dQ
dm

dN

Increase in N of CV(t)

N
Time

Net Convection Efflux of N through CS (t )

NV (t )

(dV ),

V (t )

d
dt

V (t ) MV (t ) or CV (t )

dm

( dV ) dt ( dV )
( V f / s dA)
(t )
CS ( t )
MV
CV (t )


Net Convection Efflux of N through
N MV (t )
N CV ( t )


Increase in N in MV (t )

CS (t )

Increase in N in CV ( t )

abj

21

Motivation for The Reynolds Transport Theorem

(RTT)
1.

Physical laws (in the form we are familiar with) are applied to an identified mass (MV).
They can be written in generic form in terms of the time rate of change of property N of an MV as

Source of change
of N in MV(t)

N
Time

Time rate of change

of N of MV(t)

2.

dN MV (t )
dt

SN

dM MV (t )
dt

dPMV (t )
dt

dN MV (t )
dt

Mass
Time

Momentum

Time

However, in fluid flow applications, we are often interested in what happens in a region in space,
i.e., in an identified volume or CV. Hence, we want to know the time rate of change of property N

dN CV (t )
dt

of a CV

Thus, in order to apply the physical laws from the point of view of a CV instead, we need to find
the relation

abj

dN MV (t )

dt

dN CV (t )
f
???
dt

22

The Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

Problem Formulation and Notation
III Identified MV moving out.
I New MV moving in.

II

I
MV(t), MS(t)
CV(t), CS(t),

t=t

Coincident MV and CV at time t

III

t = t + dt

MV(t+ dt), MS(t+d t)

CV (t+d t), CS (t+d t)

Due to the motion/deformation of both volumes,

MV and CV at a later time t+dt.

MV is a moving/deforming material volume, MV (t).
CV is a moving/deforming identified/control volume, CV (t).
At an instant t :
Coincident MV and CV : At any time t, we can identify the coincident MV and CV.
At a later instant t+dt :
Region III: Part of the identified and interest MV is moving out of the identified CV .
Region I:

Part of a new MV which is not the one of interest at present - is moving

abj into the identified CV.
23

The Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

Problem Formulation and Notation
III Identified MV moving out.
I New MV moving in.

I
MV(t), MS(t)
CV(t), CS(t),

t=t

t = t + dt

Coincident MV and CV at time t

Obviously

MV(t+ dt), MS(t+d t)

CV (t+d t), CS (t+d t)

dN MV (t ) dNCV (t )

dt
dt

:
:
:

abj

III

MV and CV at a later time t+dt.

Q3:

II

dN MV (t ) N MV (t dt ) N MV (t )

dt
dt
[ N II (t dt ) N III (t dt )] N MV (t )

dt
dN CV (t )
N (t dt ) N CV (t )
CV
dt
dt
[ N (t dt ) N II (t dt )] N CV (t )
I
dt

dN MV (t )
dN CV (t )
f

dt
dt

???

24

The Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

Derivation
III Identified MV moving out.

MV(t), MS(t)
CV(t), CS(t),

I II

MV(t+ dt), MS(t+d t)

CV (t+d t), CS (t+d t)

t = t + dt

t=t

I New MV moving in.

III

For simplicity, we evaluate the difference

dN MV (t ) dN CV (t )

dt
dt

N MV (t dt ) N MV (t ) N CV (t dt ) N CV (t )

dt
dt
N MV (t dt ) N CV (t dt )
,
N MV (t ) N CV (t )
dt
[ N II (t dt ) N III (t dt )] [ N I (t dt ) N II (t dt )]


N MV ( t dt )

N CV (t dt )

dt

N III (t dt ) N I (t dt )
;
dt

N III (t dt ) dt

d
A
f /s )

Outflow of N of the identified MV

Aoutflow

N I (t dt ) dt

( V f / s dA)

Aoutflow

dN MV (t ) dN CV (t )

dt
dt

abj

d
A
f /s )

CS (t )

d
A
) Inflow of N of a new but not the identified MV
f
/
s

Ainflow

( V f / s dA)

Ainflow

25

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

(RTT)
III Identified MV moving out.

MV(t), MS(t)
CV(t), CS(t),

I II

III

MV(t+ dt), MS(t+d t)

CV (t+d t), CS (t+d t)

t = t + dt

t=t

I New MV moving in.

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

dN MV (t ) dN CV (t )

dt
dt

d
A
f /s )

CS ( t )

Unsteady/Temporal Term

dN MV (t )
dt

Time rate of change

of N of MV ( t )

dN CV (t )
dt

Time rate of change

of N of CV (t )

abj

NV (t )

( dV ),

V (t )

Net Convection Efflux Term

d
A
f /s ) ,

CS (t )

N
Time

Net convection efflux of N

through CS ( t )

V (t ) MV (t ) or CV (t )

26

Note on RTT
III Identified MV moving out.

MV(t), MS(t)
CV(t), CS(t),

I II
t=t

t = t + dt

III

I New MV moving in.

MV(t+ dt), MS(t+d t)

CV (t+d t), CS (t+d t)

1.

Instantaneously coincide MV(t) and CV(t). [Coincident MV(t) and CV(t)]

2.

In the form given in the previous slide, it is applicable to moving/deforming CV(t). [CV is a function
of time; hence, CV(t).]

3.

As demonstrated in the RTT and the diagram (Region I, II, and III),

dN MV (t )
dN CV (t ) differ by the amount of the net convection efflux of N through CS(t).
and
dt
dt
4.

V f / s V f Vs

is the local relative velocity of fluid wrt the moving CS(t).

abj

27

Interpretation of RTT
III Identified MV moving out.

MV(t), MS(t)
CV(t), CS(t),

I II

MV(t+ dt), MS(t+d t)

CV (t+d t), CS (t+d t)

t = t + dt

t=t

I New MV moving in.

III

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

dN MV (t )
dt

Time rate of change

of N of MV ( t )

dN CV (t )
dt

( V f / s dA) ,

CS (t )

Time rate of change

of N of CV (t )

NV (t )

N
Time

Net convection efflux of N

through CS ( t )

( dV ),

V (t ) MV (t ) or CV (t )

V (t )

Increase in MV

Increase in CV

Efflux Through CS

Increase in CV

[Outflow Inflow]

(See the diagram and Region I, II, III for better understanding.)

abj

28

The Evaluation of The Unsteady Term

Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

dN MV (t )
dt

dN CV (t )
dt

N
Time

CS (t )

( dV ),

NV (t )

d
A
),
f /s

V (t ) MV (t ) or CV (t )

V (t )

Unsteady Term

dN CV (t )
d

dt
dt

( dV )

CV (t )

In principle, in order to evaluate the unsteady term dN (t )

CV

dt

first find the volume integral

N CV (t )

( dV )

dt
, then

( dV )

, we must

CV (t )

CV (t )

later take time derivative dN (t )

CV

dt
In other words, the order of differentiation and integration is important.

abj

29

dN CVterm
(t )
d
1] Example of when the unsteady

( dV )

dt
dt CV (t )

vanishes

1.

When the whole volume integral

N CV (t )

, i.e, the total amount of NCV, is not a

( dV )

CV (t ) of the CV or the steadiness of and .

function of time, regardless of the stationarity

y
x

t + dt

A container filled with water is moving.

In this case, even though

the CV is moving, CV(t),

the density field

( x, t )

as described by the coordinate system fixed to earth is not

steady (at one time, one point has the density of water, the next instant the point has the density of
air),

but since

M CV (t ) Constant f (t )

,dM

CV

remains constant with respect to time). dt

abj

(t )

(total mass in the container

30

dN CVterm
(t )
d
2] Example of when the unsteady

( dV )

dt
dt CV (t )

vanishes

dN CV (t ) d

dt
dt

( dV )

CV (t )

dt

( )

dV
)

t dV (if CV is stationary and non - deforming, i.e., not a function of time)

CV (t )
CV
( )

(if is steady, i.e., not a function of time)

t
t
( )

(if is steady, i.e., not a function of time)

t
t
( )
0
(if both and are steady, i.e., not a function of time)
t

:
:
:
:

dN CV (t ) d

dt
dt

( dV )

CV (t )

CV is stationary
and non -deforming

CV
both and
are steady

1. CV is stationary and non-deforming

( )
dV
t

2. and are steady.

(0)dV

CV

abj

31

dN CV (t ) term
d
3] Example of the evaluation of the unsteady

( dV )

dt
dt CV (t )
when some fields are uniform
over
the CV

1. CV is stationary and non-deforming

dN CV (t ) d

dt
dt

( dV )

CV

( dV ) CV ( dV ) M CV CV

(if is uniform over CV)

( dV ) CV (dV )

(if is uniform over CV)

( dV ) CV CV (dV ) CV CV VCV

(if both and are uniform over CV)

CV

CV

CV

CV

CV

dN CV (t ) d

dt
dt

CV

2. is uniform over CV.

( dV )

CV

is uniform
over CV

d
dt

CV

( dV )

CV

d ( M CV CV )
dt

dN CV (t ) d
( dV )
dt
dt CV

2. and are uniform over CV.

and are uniform

over CV

abj

d
dt

d ( CV VCV CV )
dt

CV CV

(dV )

CV

32

The Evaluations of The Convection Efflux Term

1] Example of the evaluation of the convection flux term when some
fields are uniform over the surface A of interest
Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)

dN MV (t )
dt

dN CV (t )
dt

NV (t )

d
A
),
f /s

N
Time

CS (t )

( dV ),

V (t ) MV (t ) or CV (t )

V (t )

Convection Flux Term

( V f / s dA)

CS (t ) A1 A2 ...

( V f / s dA) ( V f / s dA) ...

A1

A2

1. CV is stationary and non-deforming (A is stationary and non-deforming)

( V f / s dA)

( V f / s dA)
A

( V f / s dA)

is uniform
over A

A
and are uniform
over A

, , and V f / s
are uniform over A

abj

( V f / s dA) m A A .

m A (signed) : ( V f / s dA)

A A (V f / s dA) AQ A A .
A

A AV f / s , A dA A ( AV f / s , A A)

Q A (signed ) : (V f / s dA)
A

33

Example 2:
N of an MV
RTT

Finding The Time Rate of Change of Property

By The Use of A Coincident CV and The
A1 ,V1 (Q1 )

A2 , V2 (Q2 )

Problem: Flow Through A Diffuser

An incompressible flow of water (density ) with steady velocity field passes through a conical diffuser
at the volume flowrate Q. Assume that the velocity is axial and uniform at each cross section.
1.

Use the RTT and the coincident stationary and non-deforming control volume CV that includes
only the fluid stream in the diffuser (as shown above) to find the time rate of change of
1.

Kinetic energy (scalar field)

N KE mV 2 / 2,

N / m ke V 2 / 2
N / m Vx

2.

x-linear momentum (component of a vector field)

N Px mV x ,

of the coincident material volume MV(t).

Given that V2 < V1 , is the kinetic energy of the coincident material volume MV(t) increasing or
decreasing?

According to Newtons second law, should there be any net force in the x direction acting on the
MV(t) , or equivalently CV(t) ?

abj

34

Example 3:
N of an MV
RTT
Problem:

Finding The Time Rate of Change of Property

By The Use of A Coincident CV and The

Given that the velocity field is steady and the flow is incompressible

1. state whether or not the time rate of change of the linear momenta Px and Py of the material
volume MV(t) that instantaneously coincides with the stationary and non-deforming
volume CV shown below vanishes;

control
2. if not, state also

- whether they are positive or negative, and

- whether there should be the corresponding net force ( Fx and Fy ) acting on the MV/CV,
and
- whether the corresponding net force is positive or negative.

abj

35

V2 = V1

x
V2 = V1

V1

V2 > V1

V1

V1

V2 = V1

V1

V2 = V1

(a)

V1

dPMV , x
dt

(b)

0?

(yes/no)

If not,

If yes,

dPMV , y

If not,

dt

positive or negative

dt

Net Fx on CV? (yes/no)

0?

dPMV , x

(yes/no)

Net Fy on CV? (yes/no)

abj

Fx

dPMV , y

positive or negative

positive or negative

dt
If yes,

Fy

positive or negative

36