EPIDEMIOLOGY K3

What is Epidemiology?
The study of the distribution
and determinants of disease in
populations, to seek the
causes of both health and
disease.
Epidemiologista medical
detective who links observed
problems with potential
causes, to arrive at a
diagnosis and design and
implement a mitigating
response.

PENGERTIAN
Epidemiology : the study of distribution and
determinants of disease in human population.
Epidemiology study groups of people not
individuals
Epidemiology has the dual task :
1. describing the distribution of; deaths,
accidents, illnesses and their precursors.
2. searching for the determinants of health,
injury, and the disease in the occupational
environment

FAKTOR BERPERAN DALAM

PERUBAHAN KONSEP EPIDEMIOLOGY
SHRINKING WORLD
USIA HARAPAN HIDUP
PERLUASAN PENGGUNAAN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PENGAKUAN AKAN MANFAAT

Uses of epidemiology
Genetic

Environment

1. Cause
2. Natural history

3.Description of health status

of pop.

GOOD HEALTH

ILL HEALTH
4. Evaluation

Health
Promotion

Public
Health
Services

Medical
Care
Services

PERBEDAAN
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MEDICINE

CLINICAL

POPULATION

INDIVIDUALS

Studies/ Assessment
Prevention
Evaluation
Planning

Diagnosis
Treatment
Curing
Caring

The Epidemiology Triangle

Host

Agent

Environment

Examples
Host

Agent

Environment

Human

Bacteria, Virus

Water, Food, Air

Human

Energy

Automobile

Public Health Tools

Engineering
Enforcement
Education

Agent

Host

Environment

MEDICINE VS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MEDICINE

EPIDEMIOLOGY

INDIVIDUAL

POPULATION

CURATIVE

PREVENTIVE

DIAGNOSE

STUDY

THERAPY

PROGRAM

MONITORING

SURVEILLANCE

Diagnostic Tools
Medicine

Public Health

Individual Health

Population Health

Thermometer
Stethoscope
Individual data,
medical history

Demographics
Vital statistics
Epidemiology

NUMBERS in EPIDEMIOLOGY
ABSOLUTE
RELATIVE ;
1. PERCENTAGE
2. RATIO
3. PROPORTION
4. RATE

NUMBER
Absolute ; Number of people of a country
Percentage = number of part of something
x 100
total number of
something
Ratio = A/B
Proportion = A/A+B
Rate = number of case x K
Pop.at risk

RATE
INCIDENCE RATE = NEW CASES X 100%
POP. AT RISK
PREVALENCE RATE = NEW CASES + OLD
CASES
TOT. POP
PREVALENCE RATE = INCIDENCE RATE X
DURATION

RATES IN - OSH.
Incidence Accident Rate = number of
LTA x K
Tot. pop.
At risk
Accident Frequency Rate= number of
LTA x K
Tot. man-hours
Accident Severity Rate = number of
days lost x K
Tot. man-hours

RISK
RELATIVE RISK = INCIDENCE RATE AMONG EXPOSED
INCIDENCE RATE AMONG NON
EXPOSED
ATTRIBUTABLE RISK = INCIDENCE RATE AMONG EXPOSED
--INCIDENCE RATE AMONG
NONEXPOSED
ATTRIBUTABLE RISK =
INCIDENCE RATE AMONG EXPOSED --INCIDENCE RATE
AMONGNONEXPOSED
INCIDENCE RATE AMONG EXPOSED

SENSITIVITY & SPECIFICITY

Test result
diseased total

True diagnosis
diseased
not

Positive
a
a+b
Negative
c
Sensitivity =
c+d
a/a+c
total
a+c
Specificity =
b+d

b
d
d/

b+d