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The chemical
calculation exercise
addressed the three
most effective
learning methods
SOLVENT:
Major component of
mixture
The solvent dissolves the
solute
Solute: Sugar
Solvent:
Water
Solute: Carbon
Dioxide
Solvent: Water
Solute: Zinc
Solvent: Copper
PREDICTING PRODUCTS OF
REACTIONS
Imagine you prepare 100.0 mL of an aqueous solution of
potassium dichromate, K2(Cr2O7), and lead(II)acetate,
Pb(C2H3O2)2. Write a balanced equation for the reaction that
occurs in solution (include states).
What type(s) of reaction is this?
Pb(Cr2O7)(s) +
Yes
Double
replacement
Yes
Are your
reactants going
to produce H+
or OH- anions in
solution?
No
Do you only
have one
reactant?
No
Yes
Decomposition
Yes
Products vary
based on
reactants
Yes
Was your
reactant a
hydrocarbon?
No
Was your
reactant a
species in its
elemental form?
Product will be
an oxide form of
metal or nonmetal species
Combustion
No
Are you reacting
an ionic
complex with a
species in its
elemental form?
Yes
No
No
Yes
Single
replacement
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Single
replacement will
occur
No
No
Are you reacting
two species
together that do
not fit any other
category?
Remember that
the H2O formed
is a liquid (l)
Acid-Base
Neutralization
Yes
Product will be
an acid
No
Product will be a
base
Combination
Write out
products with
swapped
cations/anions
Precipitation
reaction, at
least one
product will be a
solid
SOLUTION CONCENTRATION
The concentration of a solution is the number of
solute particles contained in a given volume of
solvent
Most Common
Unit
more
concentrated
solution
Less solvent
volume
same # of solute
particles
less
concentrate
d solution
(dilute)
Greater solvent
volume
same # of solute
particles
PRACTICE WITH
SOLUTIONS
PRACTICE WITH
SOLUTIONS: KEY
DILUTIONS
DILUTIONS
More
Solvent
More
Solvent
M1V1=M2
V2 Increased volume, decreased
2. Assuming the volumes are additive, how much water do you need to
prepare the dilute solution? 50.0 mL 33.3 mL = 16.7 mL of H2O needed to prepare
the dilute solution
SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
Imagine that you titrate an unknown volume of your
0.150 M K2(Cr2O7) with 10.0 mL of your 0.200 M
Pb(C2H3O2)2, and 0.444 g Pb(Cr2O7) (MM= 423.2
g/mol) resulted.
What is the limiting reactant?
What volume of the K2(Cr2O7) solution was present in
mL?
What is the final concentration of Pb(C2H3O2)2
that you titrate an unknown volume of your 0.150 M K2(Cr2O7) with 10.0 mL of
your 0.200 M Pb(C2H3O2)2, and 0.444 g Pb(Cr2O7) (MM= 423.2 g/mol) resulted.
Always start with what you know! For example in this reaction we know that 10.0 mL of a 0.200 M
Pb(C2H3O2)2 solution was added. We also know the balanced equation from earlier. From this
knowledge, we can calculate how much Pb(Cr2O7) WOULD result IF ALL OF THE MOLES of Pb+2 from
the Pb(C2H3O2)2 went on to form Pb(Cr2O7) product (this assumes that enough Cr2O7 is available to
react)
:
We also know that only 0.444 g Pb(Cr2O7) ACTUALLY resulted from this reaction, and we
can easily convert that mass into moles using the molar mass:
What is the limiting reactant? K2(Cr2O7) must be the limiting reactant because the reaction
produced fewer moles of than theoretically calculated using the whole quantity of .
Therefore, there must not be enough Cr2O7-2 ions available in solution to react with all of
SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY:
KEY (CONTD)
Imagine
that you titrate an unknown volume of your 0.150 M K2(Cr2O7) with 10.0 mL of
your 0.200 M Pb(C2H3O2)2, and 0.444 g Pb(Cr2O7) (MM= 423.2 g/mol) resulted.
What volume of the K2(Cr2O7) solution was present in mL?
Again, start with what you know. We now know that 0.00105 mol Pb(Cr 2O7) was produced in this reaction and we
can use the stoichiometric ratios from the balanced equation to calculate the moles of K 2(Cr2O7) used to produce
this amount of product. We can then use the molarity of the initial K 2(Cr2O7) solution to determine the initial
volume used.
(A concentration of ~1/4 of the original solutions concentration makes sense because ~ of the
moles were used in the precipitation reaction and the volume of the solution approximately doubled)