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Gravity anomalies.
Earth gravitational field.
The basics
m1m2
F 2 ,
r
where:
F is the force of gravitation.
m1 and m2 are the masses.
r is the distance between the masses.
is the gravitational constant that is equal to 6.67x10-11 Nm2kg-2 (fortunately
is a small number).
Units of F are N=kg m s-2 .
The basics
F ma,
where:
m is the mass.
a is acceleration.
By combining the universal
law of gravitation with Newtons second law of
motion, one finds that the acceleration of m2 due to its attraction by m1 is:
m1
a 2 .
r
The basics
where:
ME is the mass of the Earth.
RE is the Earths radius.
M E
g
2 ,
RE
where r is the distance between the centre of the Earth and the body (see below), and
here we take m1 to be the mass of the Earth and m2 to be the mass of the body.
So, to find the acceleration due to gravity at sea level, substitute the
values of the gravitational constant, G, the Earth's mass (in
kilograms), m1, and the Earth's radius (in metres), r, to obtain the
value of g:
gravimeter
LaCoste-Romberg gravimetre
Worden gravimetre
SURVEY DESIGN
Correction
As is true of most all measurement of physical
properties, there are always effects that
change the measured values that we are NOT
interested in and that we desire to remove (or
correct for) as accurately as possible.
An important point is that we measure gravity
at whatever value our gravimeter reads, and
THEN we correct that data for these different
effects that we are not interested in.
CORRECTION
In the case of gravity , there are seven gravity
effects to correct for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Drift correction
Latitude correction
Free-air correction
Tide correction
Bouguer correction
Terrain condition
Eotvos correction
1. Drift correction
The reading of a gravimeters at a
point changes with time!
Causes:
Instrument drift: due to
environmental changes (P,T) and
spring creep
Earth tides: relative rotations of
the earth, moon and sun
Correcting procedure:
1. Return to base station
periodically
2. Assume drift is linear
3. Correct measurements in loop
2. LATITUDINAL CORRECTIONS
2. Latitudinal corrections
Gravity varies from 9.78 m/s2 at the equator (lat=0) to 9.83 m/s2 at the poles (lat:
north = +90; south = -90). This is a huge change: a 0.052 m/s2 variation equals
5200 mgals! This is much larger than other gravitational effects. The gravity varies
with latitude for two reasons:
The Earth is not a sphere, but a flattened spheroid with an equatorial radius of
6,378 km and a polar radius of 6,356 km (21 km different). Thus, the gravity is
LESS at the equator because it is FARTHER AWAY from the Earths center of mass.
3. Free-air correction
4. Tide correction
1- It is the change of gravity due to movement of the sun and
moon.
2- These variation has amplitude as large as 0.3 mgal.
3- The amplitude depend on latitude and time.
5. Bouguer correction
1- It is account for attraction of materials between the
stations and the datum plane.
2- We have to consider that the stations are located on
a plateau of horizontal extent has uniform thickness
and density.
3- B.C. is calculated by
B.C. = 0.04191 ph mgal
4- B.C. is applied in the opposite sense to F.A.C. , it is
subtracted when the stations are above the datum and
vice versa.
5. Bouguer correction
Also notice
that to
apply the Bouguer
Slab correction we
need to know the
elevations of all of
the
observation
points
and
the
density of the slab
used to approximate
the excess mass. In
choosing a density,
use
an
average
density for the rocks
in the survey area.
For a density of 2.67
gm=cm3,
the
Bouguer
Slab
Correction is about
0:11 mgals=m.
6. Terrain correction
7. Eotvos correction
For a gravimetre mounted on a vehicle, such as a ship or a helicopter, the
measured gravitational acceleration is affected by the vertical component
of the Coriolis acceleration which is function of the speed and the
direction in which the vehicle is travelling.
To compensate for this, gravity data are adjusted by applying the Eotvos
correction (named after Baron von Eotvos).
gEC= 75.08 cos sin + 0.0416 V2 (g. u.)
Where, is the degree of geographical latitude,
is the azimuth in degrees,
and V is the speed of the vehicle in knots per hour.
Note
structures
- dyke, granite, dipping
strata - associated with mass anomalies
that create different gravitational effects.
Interpretation
Duly
corrected
observed
gravity
data
can
be
interpreted in two different
way:
1.Direct interpretation of
the observed data
2.Indirect
or
inverse
(model
based)
interpretation
Selection of interpretation
techniques depends on the
project objectives.
Uses
Depth estimates
Mass determination
Identification of geological structure
Mineral exploration
Basin configuration
Detection of underground cavities
Volcanic hazards
Basement configuration and nature etc.
Gravity
anomalies
over given
geometric
forms
Modelling a basin
What this
map tells
us?
Why gravity
is changing
on a
temporal
basis?
END