Presentation on

NON-FERROUS
METALS
SUMBITTED TO:
Ar. Mavish Anjum

SUMBITTED BY:
-: Akansha, Gaurav,
Ruchi, Sonam, Swati
-: 3rd year..
-: K.C.A.D. Bly

ABOUT NON-FERROUS
MATERIALS

Non-ferrous metals are those

which do not contain iron. In general
they have excellent resistance to
corrosion.
Copper, reputed to be the first
metal used by mankind, includes
some very useful and interesting
properties, it is malleable and
ductile.
Another non-ferrous metal,

PROPERTIES OF NON-FERRO
MATERIALS
MALLEABILITY- can be
hammered and pressed into
shapes.
DUCTILITY- can be drawn into
fine wires.
ELASTICITY- regains its shape
after being deformed.
HARDNESS- resists being
scratched or cut.
BRITTLENESS- extremely hard
and therefore breaks easily.
CONDUCTIVITY- ability to

COPPER
The copper occurs in practically all important countries of the
world. Its principal ores are cuprites , copper glance, copper
pyrites, malachite and azurite.
The approximate content of copper in the following principal ores:
Cuprites or red oxide of cooper
88%
Copper
glance80%
Copper
pyrites35%
Malachite or green carbonate of copper 56%
Azurite or blue malachite55%

The ores, usually pyrites, are

clean and the ores, usually
pyrites, are clean and crushed and
they are then calcined in
reverberatory furnace.
crushed and they are then
calcined in reverberatory furnace.

the melted metal is oxide

in the Bessemer
converter. it gives blister
copper.

MANUFACTURI
NG OF
COPPER

the calcined ores are mixed with

silica and the small quantity of
coke. The mixture is then smelted
in a blast furnace.

the impurities contained in

blister copper are removed
by melting it in a
reverberatory furnace in
presence of air.

the slag is removed and

pure copper to the extent
of about 99.70 % is
obtain.

very copper or 100% copper is obtain

by the process of electrolysis.

PROPERTIES OF
it become
brittle just below its melting point.
COPPER
it can be worked in hot or cold
conditions ,but it cant be welded .
it has a peculiar reddish brown color.
it is a good conductor of electric and heat.
it is attacked by steam at white heat.
it is malleable ,ductile and extremely soft.
it is not attacked by water at any
temperature
specific gravity- 8.92
melting point-1083c
boiling point-2300c

USE OF COPPER
The market form of copper are ingots,
sheets, tubes, and wire.
it is extensively used for marketing
electric cables, alloys, house hold
utensils.
electroplating, lighting conductors,
dowels in stone masonry, blocks for
painting.
it is mainly use for manufacture of
alloys of which brass and bronze are
important.

The largest end use for Copper is in

the building industry. Within the
building industry the use of copper
based materials is broad.
Construction industry related
applications for copper include:
Roofing
Cladding
Rainwater systems
Heating systems
Water pipes and fittings
Oil and gas lines
Electrical wiring

It is one of the few architectural metals

commonly used without the application of a
coating or finish applied to retain and
enhance its natural appeal and long life.
Its high ductility makes it easily formableso it is easy to work with and ideal for
cladding complicated details and shapes.
Copper is also naturally resistant to
weathering and decay, and can be alloyed
with other commonly available metals to
increase its strength and performance
characteristics, color, and tarnish
resistance. In addition , copper is an
important material for sustainable, green

EXTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
For centuries,
modern craftsmen and designers have
COPPER
utilized coppers inherent benefits to create durable,
long-lasting building systems to protect the building
and its occupants from the weather, in aesthetically
pleasing and architecturally significant ways.
Coppers long life, high durability and easy installation
make it ideal for both low slope and pitched roofing
systems, along with such architectural enhancements
as domes, spires and vaults.
It is frequently used to clad walls and other surfaces,
bringing its striking traditional look to other interior
and exterior building surfaces
Its excellent corrosion resistance combined with its
durability and formability offer advantages in routing
water through its uses in flashings, copings, gutters
and downspouts.
Architectural copper is available in six tempers: soft,
cold rolled, cold rolled and high yield, half hard, three
quarters hard, and full hard.

 Builders use copper because of its

appearance, ease of construction,
weather tightness , flexibility, fire
resistance, and longevity. Although
more expensive to purchase, copper
is seen as a wise choice for buildings
with a long design life.

Copper Roofs
Copper roofs and flashing are
fabricated into standard or custom
shapes by a number of
manufacturers.
Copper roofs have a warranted life
that is 2-1/2 times that of steel roofs,
and that copper costs 2 to 6 times
more than steel.
Copper roof and flashing pieces come
with either a bare metal finish, or with
a factory-applied weathered
appearance (i.e., a "patina").

Copper & Green

The idea ofBuilding
building green
focused on increasing the efficiency of
buildings and their use of energy,
natural resources and materials.
Sustainable materials are a key
element of green building. A
sustainable material must be durable
and long lasting. Copper, brass and
bronze used for exterior applications
can last for a hundred years or more,
even in harsh environments. In
addition, copper and its alloys are
100% recyclable.
virtually
Copper is used for spires, cupolas, doors,
lights, signs, railings, weather vanes and
other exterior ornamental features
,concrete inserts, water stops, and garden
edging strips. Copper releases from these
small features are believed to be less

Other Copper Features

COPPER ALLOYS
Copper alloys are broadly divided into two
categories:
1.BrassOF BRASS
TYPES
1.CARTRIDGE BRASS
2.DELTA METAL
3.LOW BRASS
4. YELLOW METAL
5.RED BRASS
6.WHITE BRASS
7.YELLOW BRASS
8.NAVAL BRASS

The brass is an alloy of copper and zinc and minor

percentages of other elements , except tin may be
added.
This is the most widely used copper alloy.
It is stronger than copper and is used in structural
applications
It also possesses good corrosion resistance

It can be cast into moulds , drawn into wires ,rolled

into sheets and turned into tubes.
very often 1 to 3% of lead is added to brass for
improving its matching properties.

USE OF BRASS
Brass is used for different things
such as:
cartridge cases pipes
weapons
weather stripping
musical instruments
household ornaments.

APPLICATIONS

Brass is excellent in water boiler systems.

Brass door hardware is generally lacquered
when new, which prevents tarnishing of the
metal for a few years when located outside.
Brass was used to make fan blades, fan cages
and motor bearings in many antique fans.
For applications where low friction is required
such as locks, gears, bearings, doorknobs,
ammunition, and valves; for plumbing and
electrical applications; and extensively in
musical instruments.
Brass, usually copper alloyed with zinc, is
easily shaped, stamped and deep drawn. It has
fair electrical conductivity, excellent forming
and drawing properties and good strength.
Lead brasses have excellent machining
qualities and can be blanked, sheared, sawed
and milled.

Formula: Cu6Sn5
System: Hexagonal
Color: White to bronze
Luster: Metallic

Bronze

Bronze is a metal alloys consisting primarily

of copper, usually with tin as the main
additive, but sometimes with other elements
such as phosphorus, manganese, aluminum,
or silicon
It was one of the most innovative alloys of
mankind. Tools, weapons, armor, and various
building materials like decorative tiles made
of bronze were harder and more durable than
their stone and copper predecessors.
Architectural bronze is a competitive
material.
The advantages:
noble - load-bearing resistant to
weathering low maintenance easily
formed simple to process cost-effective
recyclable.

BRONZES
The bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and minor
percentages of other elements ,except zinc , may be
added.
TYPES OF BRONZE
1.BELL METAL
2.GUN METAL
3.MANGANESE BRONZE
4.PHOSPHER BRONZE
5.SPECULUM METAL

PROPERTIES
It is considerably less brittle than iron.
Bronze only oxidizes superficially; once the surface oxidizes, the thin
oxide layer protects the underlying metal from further corrosion.
Architectural bronze has high tensile and compressive strength.
Bronzes are softer and weaker than steel.
Bronze resists corrosion (especially seawater corrosion) and
metal fatigue better than steel and also conducts heat and
electricity better than most steels.

uses

It is also widely used for cast bronze sculpture.

Bronze parts are tough and typically used for bearings,
clips, electrical connectors and springs.
It is used for screws and wires.

Musical instruments

Bronze is the most popular metal for top-quality

bells, and more recently, saxophones.
Bronze is also used for the windings of steel strings
of various stringed instruments such as the piano

Lasting value
Architectural bronze is the material of choice when maximum
durability is required. It is timeless and blends discretely into
sensitive surroundings or into environments under heritage
protection. It harmonizes with other building materials without
dominating them. The patina forms a natural protective layer which
guarantees a long life with minimum maintenance. Investment costs
are therefore amortized within a few years. Architectural bronze is
cost-effective in the long term. The reasons:
long life
minimum maintenance

A rich variety of shapes

The ease with which architectural bronze can be formed

opens
up enormous design possibilities for window frames,
faades
and door sections. Individualized, detailed solutions are
possible throughout building interiors.
Through our specialized materials know-how, we are
able to complex forming processes.
Architectural bronze can be formed by various
techniques. The processes:
casting hot extrusion cold forming

ARCHITECTURAL USE OF BRONZE

Architectural bronze has high tensile and compressive

strength.
Its specific weight is comparable with that of steel.
Low thermal expansion values allow the use of bronze
sections in exposed positions and in the design of hightech faades. Its resistance to corrosion also makes
architectural bronze the ideal material in regions with an
aggressive climate.
Commercial bronze (otherwise
known as brass) is 90% copper
and 10% zinc, and contains no
tin. It is stronger than copper
and it has equivalent ductility.
Architectural
well
It is used for bronze
screws is
and
wires.
suited for nearly all processing
technologies. The joining techniques:
press-in (mechanical) joining rolling
screw connection adhesive joining
soldering welding

Conclusion..
It is important to consider the
many benefits of copper,
brass and bronze when
specifying materials for
construction and remodeling
projects. Combining aesthetic
beauty, light weight, strength,
durability, ease of installation,
and an inherent suitability for
green and sustainable
building, copper is one
material builders and
architects can always count
on.

CHROMIUM
Chemical properties
Chemical symbol
Atomic number
Atomic mass
Density
Melting point
Boiling point
Discovered by

Cr
24
51.996 g.mol -1
7.19 g.cm-3 at 20C
1875 C
2672 C
Vaughlin in 1797

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
It is a white metal.
very hard and brittle up to 700 C
only over this temperature becomes ductile.
resistant to corrosion and oxidation up to 1100 C due to a resistant film that develops on
the surface of the metal.
(These properties are transferred to alloys which contains chromium in sufficient
amounts.)
Chrome will resist mostly all organic and in organic compounds and acids, except
hydrochloric acid.
It has excellent solderability.

PROPERTIES
OF
CHROMIUM
IT IS A WHITE METAL
VERY HARD AND BRITTLE UP TO 700 C
ONLY OVER THIS TEMPERATURE BECOMES DUCTILE
RESISTANT TO CORROSION AND HARDNESS
CHROME WILL RESIST MOSTLY ALL ORGANIC AND IN ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS AND ACIDS, EXCEPT HYDROCHLORIC ACID
.
IT IS A STEELY-GRAY, LUSTROUS, HARDMETAL THAT TAKES A HIGH
POLISH AND HAS A HIGH MELTING POINT. IT IS ALSO ODORLESS,
TASTELESS, AND MALLEABLE.

MANUFACTURING OF CHROMIU
FIRST CHROMIUM IS
FOUND IN
THE FORM OF ORE
THE TWO MAIN
PRODUCTS OF
CHROMIUM ORE
REFINING ARE
FERROCHROMIUM AND
METALLIC CHROMIUM
FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF PURE CHROMIUM, THE
IRON HAS TO BE
SEPARATED FROM THE
CHROMIUM IN A TWO
STEP ROASTING AND
LEACHING PROCESS.

USE OF CHROMIUM
IN CHROMIUM PLATING FOR DECORATION WHICH CREATES A
HARD, WEAR-RESISTANT, ATTRACTIVE SURFACE
IN CORROSION AS WELL AS WEAR PROTECTION.
TO HARDEN STEEL, TO MANUFACTURE STAINLESS STEEL, AND
TO FORM ALLOYS
TO GIVE GLASS AN EMERALD GREEN COLOUR
IN THE MANUFACTURING OF DYES AND PIGMENTS. CHROME
YELLOW, A PIGMENT, CONSISTS LARGELY OF LEAD CHROMATE-OTHER CHROME COLOURS ARE BLACK, RED, ORANGE AND
GREEN.

CLAD IN CHROMIUM
NICKEL STAINLESS
STEEL PLATES.

ITS SURFACE TREATMENT

THE BRIDGE'S CAST

CHROMIUM STEEL
COMPONENTS

WAS RECENTLY USED TO BUILD A

BRIDGE IN SIENA.

PRODUCTS

Mudguard
This steel mudguard is coated with chromium by
chromium plating for
achieving wear resistance, and improving appearance.
Printing cylinder
This printing cylinder for paper industry is
coated by hard-chromium plating in
order to protect it from wear and give it
high hardness.

Shopping basket
Zinc plating followed by chromium
plating gives a longer lifetime, oxidation protection
as well as better appearance to
the steel substrate of this shopping basket.

Exhaust pipe
These pipes are made of steel and then
coated by chromating to achieve corrosion
and ageing resistance, as well as a decorative effect (many
colour variants
available, e.g. clear, black, etc.).

CADMIUM
CADMIUM IS ONE OF THE
BYPRODUCTS OF THE PRIMARY
NON-FERROUS INDUSTRY
CADMIUM OCCURS AS A MINOR
COMPONENT IN MOST ZINC
ORES AND THEREFORE IS A
BYPRODUCT OF ZINC
PRODUCTION
IT IS IN BEARING ALLOYS
WHICH HAS GREAT
RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE AND
LOW COEFFICIENTS OF
FRICTION.

PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM
GREAT RESISTANCE TO CORROSION
EXCELLENT ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE
LOW MELTING POINT
ITS EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALS
ITS EXCELLENCE RESISTANCE TO HIGH
TEMPERATURES.

CADMIUM IS USED IN ELECTROPLATING, WHICH IS

THE PROCESS OF COATING METAL BY MAKING USE
OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT.

SED AS FOR CORROSION RESISTANT PLATING ONSTEEL

IT IS MOSTLY USED IN THE FORM OF CADMIUM
SULFIDE, WHICH IS A PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIAL.
CADMIUM IS WIDELY USED IN ELECTRONIC ITEMS

ANUFACTURING OF CADMIUM
CADMIUM IS A COMMON
IMPURITY INZINC ORES, AND
IT IS MOST OFTEN ISOLATED
DURING THE PRODUCTION OF
ZINC.

SOME ZINC ORES

CONCENTRATES FROM
SULFIDIC ZINC ORES CONTAIN
UP TO 1.4% OF CADMIUM

USE OF CADMIUM

ANOTHER CADMIUM USE IN THE

FIELD OF ENGINEERING IS IN THE
FORM OF SHEETS WHICH ARE USED
FOR SHIELDING FOR SIMILAR
NEUTRON ABSORPTION

CADMIUM USED IN SOLAR PANELS

CADMIUM TELLURIUM THIN FILM

It was used for a long time as

apigment

TRAIN PAINTED WITH CADMIUM ORANGE

ZINC
it is the chief source of the metal.
the zinc does not occur in free state in nature.
its principal ores are zincite or red zinc zno,
franklinite zno, fe2o3, calamine or zinc-copper znco3
and zinc blende zns.
a good quality of zinc blende may contain 50% of
zinc.
the pure zns contains about 65% of zinc.

MANUFACTURE OF
ZINC
THE ZINC ORE IS HEATED IN
AN ELECTRIC FURNACE TO
REMOVE ALL VOLATILE
CONSTITUENTS PRESENT IN
THE ORE.

THE ZINC IS LIBERATED IN

THE FORM OF VAPOUR. THIS
VAPOUR IS THEN CONDENSED
TO GET THE METALLIC ZINC.

PROPERTIESit burns with a greenish white flame when strongly

heated in air.
it may be drawn into wires and rolled into sheets
between temperature range of 100c to 150c.
it melts at 419.4c and boils at 907c.
it bluish white metal.
it is brittle at the ordinary temperature.
it is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

it is not affected by dry air.

it is not affected by pure water.
it resists corrosion.
its specific gravity is 7.14
if it comes in contact with iron copper or lead in
presence of moisture, the galvanic action starts and
the zinc is quickly destroyed.
it should be kept clear of lime and calcareous
substances.
it is harmfully attacked and ultimately destroyed by

USES OF
ZINC
the zinc is used in electric cells, for galvanizing,
in the preparation of alloys, paints, etc.
the zinc has great value as a protective covering
or coat to iron works, plain and corrugated
sheets, iron vessels, etc.
as a lining to the drinking water storage
tanks.
Galvanization is used on
chain-link fencing, guard
rails, suspension bridges,
light posts, metal roofs, heat
exchangers, and car bodies.

Hot dip galvanizing of

fabricated steel

Zinc is alloyed with copper to create brass. Bass is

used a wide variety of item such as pipes,
instruments, communication equipment, hardware
and water valves

It is also used in roofing and

cladding

Bathroom fixtures, door and

window hardware etc.

NICKEL
The nickel occurs in free state in meteorites.
In combination, it chiefly occurs as sulphide
ores and silicates ores.
The most important nickel ore is a mineral
composed of magnetic iron pyrites with
nickel.

MANUFACTURE OF NICKEL
The nickel is extracted from sulphide ores as
follows:
The ores are cleaned of earthy matter. they
are roasted in heaps.
The roasted ores are smelted in blast furnace
along with limestone, quartz and coke.
The molten mixture of nickel and copper
sulphide collects at the bottom. it is led to
Bessemer converter with basic lining.
After treatment in converter, the metallic

PROPERTIES OF
Following are the properties
of nickel:
NICKEL
If nickel is red hot, it can decompose steam.
If it is in a finely ground powder form, it may absorb
hydrogen to the extent of about 17 times volume .
It is in a grayish white lustrous metal.
It is capable of taking a high polish and can easily be
welded.
It is fairly resistant to the actions of atmosphere and it
becomes dull after a long time.
It is hard, malleable and magnetic.
It is not attacked by alkalies.
It ranks below iron in electric conductivity.
Its resistance to corrosion is high.
Its specific gravity is 8.90 and melts at 1452C. Its

USE OF
NICKEL
The nickel is widely used as a coating for
other metals and for the preparation of alloys
like German silver nickel steels etc.
Its practical use is confined to the
manufacture of chemical apparatus, crucible,
electroplating parts of machines, domestic
utensils etc.

Shower control finished by nickel

string in electrical guitar

Nickel

LEAD
OCCURS IN FREE STATE OCCASIONALLY IN
NATURE.
IN COMBINED FORM, IT MAINLY OCCURS AS
SULPHIDE (GALENA PbS)

(86% Pb & 14% S)

METALLIC BLUISH LUSTRE
OF DARK GRAY COLOUR.

MANUFECTU
RE
ORES
GROUND AND SIEVED.
IMPURITIES ARESEGREGATED
FLOTATION MACHINE FOR
FURTHER
SEPARATION.
THE COKE AND MATELIC IRON
ADDED
SMELTED IN BLAST FURNACE.
A REVERBERATORY
FURNACE.

PROPERTIE
S
MELTING POINT- 327.5C
BOILING POINT- 1620C
LUSTROUS METAL WITH BLUISH
GRAY COLOUR..
MAKES IMPRESSION ON PAPER.
CUT WITH THE KNIFE
IT IS VERY SOFT PLASTIC & ALMOST
DEVOID OF ELASTICITY.
NON CORROSIVE

USES OF LEAD & ITS ALLOYS

FOR MAKING BULLETS, ALLOYS,

STORAGE CELL, SANITARY FITTINGS,
CISTERN, WATER PROOF & ACID PROOF
CHAMBERS, GAS PIPE,
ROOF GUTTER,FIBRE OPTICS CABLE
COVERING,
PREPARATION OF LEAD OXIDE OF PAINTS
ETC

Lead flashing

Lead downspout

Lead gutter section

TIN
ORE - CASSITERITE(SnO2)
ALSO AVAILABLE IN NODULES (STREAM TIN)

ORE

MANUFACTURE
CRUSHING AND WASHING
C

CALCINATION
COOLING
WASHING WITH WATER.
LIQUID IS ALLOWED TO
REST.
THE REFINED TINSTONE
COLLECTS AT
THE BOTTOM (AS IT
IS HEAVY)
SMELTED IN A FURNACE
WITH
(COAL+SAND).
REVERBERATORY

PROPERTIE
S
IT BECOMES BRITTLE WHEN HEATED
TO A TEMPRETURE OF ABOUT 200C.
IT MELTS AT 231C AND BOILS AT
2260C.
IT IS A WHITE METAL WITH A
BRILLIANT LUSTRE.
IT DISSOLVED IN HYDROCHLORIC
ACID WITH EVOLUTION OF
HYDROGEN.
IT IS NOT AFFECTED BY DRY AIR.
IT IS NOT ATTACKED BY PURE WATER.
IT IS SOFT AND MALLEABLE.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY- 7.31
IT WITH STAND CORROSION DUE TO
ACIDS.

USES OF TIN
IT IS USED FOR PLATING, LINING
LEAD PIPES AND FOR THE
PREPARATION OF ALLOYS AND
SOLDER.
THE PURE TIN IS COMMERCIALLY
USED FOR MAKING EAVAPORATING
BASINS, INFUSION POTS.
IT IS ALSO USED FOR GIVING A
PROTECTIVE COATING TO THE
COPPER AND IRON UTENSILS.
THE STEEL SHEETS COATED WITH
TIN ARE USED FOR MAKING CANS
FOR FOOD, FRUIT AND MILK
INDUSTRY.
THE TIN-FOILS ARE USED SILVERING
OF MIRRORS AND FOR WRAPPING
UP CHEESE, CHOCOLATE, TOBACCO,
TOILETS SOAPS.