PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

C H A P T E R

2
Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits
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GIORGIO RIZZONI

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.4 (a) Automotive circuits

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.4 (b) Equivalent electrical circuit

Ibatt
Ihead

Itail

Istart

Ifan

I locks

Idash

+
Vbatt

(b)

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.8 (a) Electrical vehicle battery pack

Vbatt1 Vbatt2

Vbattn

12 V 12 V 12 V

12 V 12 V

DC-AC converter
(electric drive)

AC motor
(a)
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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.8 (b) Illustration of KVL

vbatt2 vbatt3 vbatt31
+ + +

vbatt1

Power
converter
and motor

vdrive

(b)
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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

+
v

+
v

Load

Source

Figure 2.10 Various representations of an

electrical system

i
Power flow
(a) Conceptual
representation
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VS _+

(b) Symbolic (circuit)

representation
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GIORGIO RIZZONI

Car
battery

Headlight

(c) Physical
representation

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.18 Volt-ampere characteristic of a

tungsten light bulb
i (amps)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0.1

Current
meter
Variable
voltage
source

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0.2

0.3

0.4

10 20 30 40 50 60 v (volts)

0.5

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.20 The resistance element

i

+
l
l R=
A

1/R

Physical resistors
with resistance R.
Typical materials are
carbon, metal film.
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Circuit symbol

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GIORGIO RIZZONI

i-v characteristic

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.22 Resistor color code

b

Color bands
black
brown
red
orange
yellow
green

0
1
2
3
4
5

blue
violet
gray
white
silver
gold

6
7
8
9
10%
5%

Resistor value = ( b 1 b 2 )
10 b 3;
b 4 = % tolerance in actual value
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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.30
R
+ v
1.5 V

_+

i
v

The current i flows through each of

the four series elements. Thus, by
KVL,

+
v

1.5 = v1+ v 2+ v3

EQ

R3

N series resistors are equivalent to

a single resistor equal to the sum of
the individual resistances.

R2

R1

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.32 Parallel circuits

KCL applied at this node

iS

i1

i2

i3

R1

R2

R3 v

The voltage v appears across each parallel

element; by KCL, iS = i1 + i 2 + i3

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R1 R2 R3 Rn RN

REQ

N resistors in parallel are equivalent to a single equivalent

resistor with resistance equal to the inverse of the sum of
the inverse resistances.

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.36 Wheatstone bridge circuits

R1

vS

+
_

R3

va v b
R2

(a)

vS

Rx

R1
a va
R2

vb

R3
b
Rx

d
(b)

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.37 A force-measuring instrument

F

c
ia
+

R2 , R3 bonded
to bottom surface
Beam cross section

R3

vS

va

R2

vb
R4

h
w

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R1

ib

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.38 Practical voltage source

rS

Practical
voltage
source

iS
+

vS

+
_

vL

RL

iS =

vS
rS + R L

v
lim i S = S
rS
RL
0

rS

iS

max

+
vS

+
_

vL

The maximum (short circuit)

current which can be supplied
by a practical voltage source is
iS max = vSS
r

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.39 Practical current source

A model for practical current
sources consists of an ideal source
in parallel with an internal
resistance.

Maximum output
voltage for practical
current source with
open-circuit load:
vS

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max

+
iS

rS

vS

RL

+
iS

= i S rS

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.41 Measurement of current

R1

R1

A
A

vS +
_

R2 vS +_
i

Symbol for
ideal ammeter

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A series
circuit

R2

Circuit for the measurement

of the current i

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.42 Measurement of voltage

R1

R1
+

vS +
_

v2 R2
i

A series
circuit
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Ideal
voltmeter

vS +
_

+
+
v2 R2 V v2

Circuit for the measurement

of the voltage v 2

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.43 Models for practical ammeter

and voltmeter
rm

Practical
voltmeter

rm

Practical
ammeter
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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.44 Measurement of power

i
R1

R1

+
vS _+

v2 R2

Measurement of the power

dissipated in the resistor R2:
P2 = v2 i

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+
vS +_

v 2 R2

Internal wattmeter connections

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.45 Definition of a branch

a
i

A
Branch v
voltage

Branch R
current

rm

A branch
b

Ideal
resistor

A battery

Practical
ammeter

Examples of circuit branches

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.47 Definition of a node

Node a
Node c

Node a

iS

vS
Node

Node b
Node b
Examples of nodes in practical circuits
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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.48 Definition of a loop

Note how two different loops
in the same circuit may include some of the same elements or branches.

Loop 1

Loop 2

R
R2

iS

1-loop circuit

3-loop circuit
(How many nodes in
this circuit?)

Loop 3

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R1

vS

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PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.49 Definition of a mesh

How many loops can you identify in this four-mesh circuit? (Answer: 14)

R4

R3
Mesh 3
R1
+
vS

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Mesh
1

R2

Mesh
3

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GIORGIO RIZZONI

Mesh
4

R5

iS

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