In the Classroom

Cassidy Fleming, Jessica Henry, Meghan

Tomasi, Samantha Gomez, Julia Stringer

What is L1?
Term that refers to the first language
learned or the language that the
child primarily uses.

What is L2?
Terms that refers to a language in
which a child is in the process of
learning.

Language Learning Models

ESL Pullout

The student is pulled out of the regular classroom for special instruction in ESL either 1-on-1 or small group.

ESL Class Period

Direct teaching of English skills using second-language methodology. Students are grouped according to
language proficiency.

Sheltered Instruction or Content-Based Programs

ESL content classes are provided and followed by immersion in the English mainstream.

Newcomer Programs/High Intensity Language Training

1st year LEP students from various language backgrounds receive intensive ESL training the majority of the day
and are mainstreamed for electives.

Transitional Bilingual Education Early Exit

Provides academic instruction in the primary language as students learn English.

Developmental Bilingual Education Late Exit

L1 Incorporation
Consider what works for each
student
- Careful lesson planning with
specific language objectives
Collaboration
Keep expectations high
Differentiate

What is it like to be an ELL?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L2Vo
tSRJoBQ

L1 Incorporation

Programs are designed to maintain or develop literacy in the native

language
Instructional strategies
-

Labels and task cards in both the native language and

English

Develop letter sounds in L1

Encourage parents to read to their children in L1 at home

Why?
Provides content instruction at grade level
Respect for culture and native language
-

Assimilation vs. Acculturation

When are ELLs transition

ready?
New ELLs go through a silent period: the pre-production stage of language
learning in which ELLs are unable or unwilling to communicate orally in L2.
Can last for a few days or many months
Culture
personality

ELLs still learn during this stage

ELLs may understand what is being said despite not being ready to talk

ELLs should not be forced to speak before they are ready.

When are ELLs transition

ready?
Before teaching English give ELLs time to
Listen to others talk
Focus on listening comprehension
Develop receptive vocabulary
Respond to pictures or other visuals
Observe classmates interactions
Understand and duplicate gestures and movements to show
comprehension

Transitioning into L1 and L2

instruction
Develop vocabulary
Learn grammar
Intentional about letter sounds and sentence
structure.
Slowly add L2 into L1 instruction so you dont go
beyond a students ZPD
Read books in L2 to develop comfortability.

Resources
Copland, F., & Neokleous, G. (2011). L1 to teach L2: complexities and contradictions. (p. 270-280). ELT Journal: English
Language Teaching Journal, 65(3).
Schweers Jr, W. (1999). Using L1 in the L2 classroom. In English Teaching Forum (Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 6-9).
(1995). Approaches to Language Development (continued). In Student Reform and Diversity.
August, Diane. (2002). Transitional Programs for English Language Learners. Center for Research on the Education of Students
Placed At Risk (Report No. 58).
Kristen Shrewsbury, PhD, TESL professor