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C
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HHP (e j )
c 0
HBP (e j )
c
0
HBS (e j )
c2 c1
c1 c2
c2 c1
c1 c2
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c 0
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1 p G (e ) 1 p , p
j
G
(
e
) 0
In the stopband
require that
j
G (e ) s ,
we s
with a deviation
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G ( ) 20 log10 G (e j )
p 20 log10 (1 p )
dB
Minimum stopband attenuation
s 20 log10 ( s )
dB
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2 FpT
FT
FT
s 2 Fs
s
2 Fs T
FT
FT
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Example - LetFp 7
kHz,Fs 3
kHz, and FT 25
kHz
Then
2 (7 103 )
p
0.56
3
25 10
2 (3 103 )
s
0.24
3
25 10
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p0 p1 z 1 p2 z 2 pM z M
H ( z)
d 0 d1 z 1 d 2 z 2 d N z N
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1
z
coefficients
N
H ( z ) h[n] z
n 0
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FIR Design
FIR Digital Filter Design
Three commonly used approaches
to FIR filter design (1) Windowed Fourier series
approach
(2) Frequency sampling approach
(3) Computer-based optimization
methods
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H ( z ) h(n).z
n 0
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H ( z ) h0 h1 z 1 h2 z 2 ... hn z n
In factored form
n1
n2
H ( z ) K (1 i z ). (1 i z )
i 1
i 1
Where
,
1, i 1 K
i
& zeros occur in conjugates
is real
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Let H ( z ) KN1 ( z ) N 2 ( z )
where
n1
N1 ( z ) (1 i z )
i 1
Thus
n1
n2
N 2 ( z ) (1 i z 1 )
i 1
n2
i 1
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i 1
i 1
i 1
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So that
1
ln( H ( z )) ln( K ) n2 ln( z ) ln(1 i z ) ln(1 z )
i 1
i 1
i
n1
n2
Thus
N1
sm
m 1
where
smN1
n1
i
i 1
sNm2
N2
s m
n1
im
i 1
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Fundamental Relationships
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N1
N2
s
s
ln( H (e j )) ln( K ) jn2 m e jm m e jm
m
m 1 m
) cos m
m
m 1 m
smN1 sNm2
( ) n2 (
) sin m
m
m 1 m
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h( n) h( N 1 n)
so that
for
N
even:
N
2
H ( z ) h( n).z
n 0
N 1
h( n).z n
n N
N 1
2
N 1
2
n 0
n 0
h( n).z n h( N 1 n).z ( N 1 n )
N 1
2
h( n) z n z m
n 0
m NProfessor
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for N odd:
N 1
1
2
H ( z ) h(n). z
n 0
N 1
h
z
2
N 1
I) On C : z 1 we have for N
even, and +ve sign
H (e
jT
)e
N 1 N 1
2
2
jT
N 1
. 2h(n). cos T n
2
n 0
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N 1 N 1
2
2
jT
N 1
. j 2h(n).sin T n
2
n 0
/2
[Note: antisymmetric case adds
0 at
rads to phase, with discontinuity
]
N 1
jT with
III) For
N
odd
+ve
sign
1
N
jT
2
H (e
)e
N 3
2
N 1
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H (e
j T
)e
N 1
jT
2
N 3
2
N 1
2 j.h( n).sin T n
2
n 0
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Windows
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N 1
Rectangular
n
N
2
2n
Bartlett
1 cos
N
Hann
2n
2n 0.08 cos 4n
0
.
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0
.
5
cos
Blackman
N
N
Kaiser
J 0 1
2n
N 1
J 0 ( )
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Kaiser window
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Kaiser window
2.12
1.5/N
30
4.54
2.9/N
50
6.76
4.3/N
70
8.96
5.7/N
90
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Example
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LowpassFilterDesignedUsingHammingwindow
0
G ain,dB
50
100
100
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
LowpassFilterDesignedUsingBlackmanwindow
0
Gain,dB
G ain,dB
LowpassFilterDesignedUsingHannwindow
0
50
c / 2
0.6
0.8
50
100
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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expressed as H ( ) Q( ) A( )
where
Q( )
1,
for Type 1
cos(/2), for Type 2
sin( ), for Type 3
sin( / 2), for Type 4
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~
W ( ) W ( )Q( )
~
D( ) D ( ) / Q ( )
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a [k ]
Optimisation Problem - Determine
which minimise the peak
L
~
~
absolute
value
of
~
E ( ) W ( )[ a [k ] cos( k) D ( )]
k 0
R
over the specified frequency bands
~[k ]
a
After
has been determined,
j
A(e )
construct the original
and
hence h[n]
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Alternation Theorem
The optimal solution has equiripple
behaviour consistent with the total
number of available parameters.
Parks and McClellan used the Remez
algorithm to develop a procedure
for designing linear FIR digital
filters.
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Kaisers Formula:
N
20 log10 ( p s )
14.6( s p ) / 2
ie N is inversely proportional to
transition band width and not on
transition band location
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D ( p , s ) F ( p , s )[( s p ) / 2 ]2
N
( s p ) / 2
where
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p s
Formula valid for
For p s , formula to be used is
obtained by interchanging
and
p
s
Both formulae provide only an
estimate of the required filter order N
If specifications are not met, increase
filter order until they are met
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A
N
20(s p ) / 2
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