Review of Chapter 6

(1)f be a piecewise continuous function defined on [

Let
We would like to represent f by

a0 (an cos(n x ) bn sin(n x))

L
L
n 1

1 L
a0
f ( x)dx

L
2L
1 L

an L f ( x) cos(n x)dx
L
L
1 L

bn L f ( x)sin(n x)dx
L
L

First note that

a0 (an cos(n x) bn sin(n x))

L
L
n 1

is 2L periodic function. So for convenience, we exte

f to the whole real line and f is 2L periodic function.

Is

f ( x) a0 (an cos(n x) bn sin(n x))

L
L
n 1

ANSWER
Let f be a 2L periodic function such that f and f are
piecewise continuous.

(1) If fis continuous at the point

then

f ( x) a0 (an cos( n x) bn sin( n x))

L
L
n 1

(2) If

isf discontinuous atx

, then

( f ( x ) f ( x )) a0 (an cos(n x) bn sin(n x))

2
L
L
n 1

(2)
bn 0
(A) Suppose f is even, then
Hence the Fourier Series of f is

a0 an cos(n x)
L
n 1

called Fourier cosine series

an 0
(B) Suppose f is odd, then
Hence the Fourier Series of f is

bn sin(n x)

L
n 1

called Fourier sine series

(3)(A)
Suppose f is defined on [0,L]
Then we may extend f to be on [-L,0]
such that f is even
Hence the Fourier series of the extended function
on [-L,L] is

a0 an cos(n x )
L
n 1

called half-range Fourier series or half-range expan

(3)(B)
Suppose f is defined on [0,L]
Then we may extend f to be on [-L,0]
such that f is odd
Hence the Fourier series of the extended function
on [-L,L] is

bn sin(n x)

L
n 1

called half-range Fourier series or half-range expan

an , bn
Before
we compute the Fourier coefficients
(4)
We will check whether the given function
is odd, even, or not odd not even
How to check?
3

x, x ,sin nx are odd functions

constant, x 2 ,cos nx, x , sin x , odd
are even functions

even even=even odd odd= even

odd even= odd

(4)(cont)

If you cant see from the given function,

then you can sketch the graph of the function f.
From the graph, we can see easily and get the answ

If the given function is piecewise

continuous, then we need to sketch the
graph piece by piece
From the graph, we also know the discontinuous poi
so we will know where f(x)=F S of f at x.

(5)
Functions
f in Chapter six may be constant,
x, x 2 ,sin x,cos x, x , sin x , cos x
or combination of functions just mentioned,
and ...

so formulae of integrals given

in my lecture slide some useful facts may be u

(6) answers of coefficients of Fourier series alwa

The
have the following terms

cos n (1)

n 1, 2,3,...

cos(2n 1) 0
n 1, 2,3,...
2
m
cos(2
m

/
2)

cos(
m

1)
if n=2m

cos(n )
cos[(2m 1) / 2] 0 if n=2m-1
2

n 1
n 1
sin(2n 1) ( 1) or (1)
2
n 1, 2,3,...
sin n 0

n 1, 2,3,...

sin(2m / 2) sin( m ) 0 if n=2m

sin(n )
sin[(2m 1) / 2] ( 1) m1 if n=2m-1
2
10

(6)(cont) For example,

2k
2k
n
bn
(1 cos n )
(1 (1) )
n
n
2k
2k
2k
9
b9
(1 (1) )
(1 (1))
(2)
9
9
9
2k
2k
100
b100
(1 (1) )
(1 1) 0
100
100

4k
n
an 2 2 (2cos
cos n 1)
n
2
4k
n
n
a3 2 2 (2cos
(1) 1)
n
2
4k
3
3
2 2 (2cos
(1) 1)
3
2
4k
2 2 (0 (1) 1) 0
3

4k
6
a6 2 2 (2cos
( 1) 6 1)
6
2
4k
6
2 2 (2cos3 (1) 1)
6
4k
3
6
2 2 (2(1) (1) 1)
6
4k
2 2 (2(1) 1 1)
6


(2005)

Hence F S of f(x)=2x+1 is

n 1 2
n 1 4
2 (1)
sin nx 1 1 (1)
sin nx
n
n
n 1
n 1

a0 (an cos nx bn sin nx)

n 1

14

(2008)

f is continuous everywhere, just look at the values ,

of f at endpts

15

This part is optional

16


(2007)

17

18

(7)
Suppose f is 2L periodic function
However the function is given on [0,2L]

Can we still apply the formula

1 L

an L f ( x) cos(n x )dx
L
L

ANS:YES

2L periodic

1 L

an L f ( x) cos(n x )dx
L
L
1 2L

0 f ( x) cos(n x)dx
L
L

f ( x) x 2

(8) Fourier series of

is

2 4(1) k

cos kx
2
3 k 1 k

Therefore

4(1)
f ( x) x

cos kx
2
3 k 1 k
2

Since f is continuous at every pt x

for all x

Now we shall look at some special points to get

some interesting equalities. Try

Let

get

4(1)

cos k
2
3 k 1 k

So

x 0, / 2,

(1)
(1)
1
k
2 cos k 2 (1) 2
6 k 1 k
k 1 k
k 1 k
2

1 1 1

1 2 2 2 ...
2 3 4
6

Let x=0, subst into

2
k

4(

1)
f ( x) x 2

cos kx
2
3 k 1 k

get

k 1 1
(1)
2
12 k 1
k
2

1 1 1

1 2 2 2 ...
2 3 4
12
2

(9) (A
) Let f ( x) 2 sin10 x 8cos50 x
which is 2 periodic function
What is the F S of f?
Since F S of f is of the form

a0 (an cos(nx) bn sin( nx))

n 1

i.e.,

f ( x) 2 sin10 x 8cos50 x a0 (an cos(nx) bn sin(nx))

n 1

Henc a0 2, a50 8, b10 1

e the F S of f is the function
So
f itself

2 sin10 x 8cos50 x

(B Let
)

x
f ( x) cos on [ , ] and f ( x 2 ) f ( x)
3

ANS: No, No
Is the F S of f is the function f itself?

Since the F S of 2 periodic function is of the form

a0 (an cos(nx) bn sin( nx))

n 1

x
cos is not of the form cos nx
3

(B)

However g ( x) cos
(cont.)

if

for all x

Is the F S of this 2(3) periodic function g

is the function g itself?
ANS: YES, YES

Since the F S of 2(3) periodic function is of the for

a0 (an cos( n x) bn sin( n x))

L
L
n 1

where L 3

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