A MINI PROJECT ON THE

TRANSMISSION TOWER
PRESENTED BY:ATUL YADAV
MUKESH RANJAN SINGH
NAQEEB KHAN
NAVEEN KUMAR
ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT
FINAL YEAR,BBDU
1

INTRODUCTION
NAMING
"Transmission tower" is the name for the
structure used in the industry in the United
Kingdom, United States, and other Englishspeaking countries. The term "pylon" comes
from the basic shape of the structure, an
obelisk-like structure which tapers toward the
top, and is mostly used in the United Kingdom
and parts of Europe in everyday colloquial
speech. This term is used infrequently in the
United States, as the word "pylon" is commonly
used for a multitude of other things, mostly
fortraffic cones.
2

TRANSMISSION TOWER
ATransmissiontowerisatallstructure,usuallya

steellattictower,usedtosupportanoverhead
powerline.
They

are used in high-voltage AC and DC

systems, and come in a wide variety of shapes
and sizes.

Typical

height ranges from 15 to 55 metres (49

to 180ft), though the tallest are the 370m
(1,214ft) towers of a 2700-metre-long span of
Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie
3

ON THE BASIS OF CURRENT

TYPES OF TOWER
1.

HVACTRANSMISSIONTOWER.

2.

HVDCTRANSMISSIONTOWER.

3.

RAILWAYTRACTIONLINETOWER.

4.

TOWERFORDIFFERENTTYPEOF
CURRENT.
4

HVAC TRANSMISSION TOWER

Threephaseelectricpowersystemsareusedforhigh

voltage(66or69kVandabove)andextra-highvoltage
(110or115kVandabove;mostoften138or230kV
andaboveincontemporarysystems)ACtransmission
lines.
Thetowersmustbedesignedtocarrythree(ormultiples

ofthree)conductors.
Thetowersareusuallysteellatticesor

trusses(woodenstructuresareused
inCanada,Germany,andScandinaviainsomecases)
andtheinsulatorsareeitherglassorporcelaindiscs.
5

HVDC TRANSMISSION TOWER

HVDC

transmission lines are eithermonopolar or

bipolarsystems.

With

bipolar systems a conductor arrangement with

one conductor on each side of the tower is used.

For

single-pole HVDC transmission with ground

return, towers with only one conductor can be used.

The

towers are designed for later conversion to a

two-pole system. In these cases, often conductors
on both sides of the tower are installed for
mechanical reasons.
6

RAILWAY TRACTION LINE TOWER

Towers

used for single-phase AC railway traction

linesare similar in construction to those towers
used for 110 kV-three phase lines.

Steel

tube or concrete poles are also often used

for these lines.

The

towers of railway traction lines carry two

electric circuits, so they have four conductors.

Each

circuit occupies one half of the cross arm. For

six electric circuits arrangement of the conductors
is in three levels.
7

TOWER FOR DIFFERENT TYPE OF

CURRENT
Line

carry both AC and DC power circuits. One set of towers

is near theHVDC Volgograd-Donbasson Volga
Hydroelectric Power Station. The other are two towers
south of Stenkullen, which carry one circuit of HVDC KontiSkan and ne circuit of the three-phase AC line StenkullenHolmbakullen.

Towers

carrying AC circuits and DC electrode lines exist in a

section of the powerline between Adalph Static Inverter
Plant and Brookston the pylons carry the electrode line of
HVDCSquare Butte.

The

overhead section of theelectrode lineofPacific DC

Intertiefrom Sylmar Converter Station to the grounding
electrode in the Pacific Ocean nearWill Rogers State
Beachis also installed on AC pylons
8

ON THE BASIS OF LINE SUPPORT

TYPES OF TOWER
1.
2.
3.
4.

WOODEN POLES
RCC POLES
STEEL TUBULAR POLES
STEEL TOWERS

The supports for an overhead line must

be capable of carrying the load due to:
.Conductors
.Insulators
.Wind load on the support itself.
9

WOODEN POLES
Made

of chemically treated wood.

Used for distribution lines especially in
areas where good quality wood are
available.
Very economical but susceptible to
decay.
To protect from decay,poles have zinc
or aluminium cap at the top and
Bitumen coating at the bottom.

10

RCC POLES
Made

of reinforced concrete cement.

Stronger than wood poles but more
costly.
Very long life and need little
maintenance.
Bulky and heavy.
Widely used for distribution lines upto
33kV.
Can be manufactured at site.
11

STEEL TUBULAR POLES

Stepped

pole manufactured from a

single tube , the diameter being
reduced in parallel steps.
More costly than RCC and wood poles.
Have light weight , high strength to
weight ratio and long life.
Widely

used for lines upto 33kV.

12

STEEL TOWERS
Used

for lines of 66kV and above.

Very long life and high degree of
reliability.
Can withstand very severe weather
conditions.
Overhead HV, EHV and UHV lines
mostly use self supporting steel
towers.
13

TYPES OF TOWER ON THE BASIS

OF LINE DIVERSION

Type A Tower (TangentTowerwithsuspensionstring)

o

Type B Tower (SmallAngleTowerwithtensionstring)

o

Usedforlinedeviationfrom30to60

Type E Tower (DeadEndTowerwithtensionstring)

o

Usedforlinedeviationfrom15to30.

Type D Tower (Largeangletowerwithtensionstring)

o

Usedforlinedeviationfrom2to15

Type C Tower (MediumAngleTowerwithtensionstring).

o

Usedonstraightrunsandupto2linediversion

Usedforlinetermination&starting

Special towerSuspension Tower (Span1000m)

o UsedforRivercrossing,Mountaincrossingetc.
Transposition Tower
o Usedfortranspositionoftower

14

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOWER

15

Selection of Tower
Structure

Single circuit Tower/ double circuit Tower.

Length of the insulator assembly.

Minimum clearances to be maintained between ground

conductors, and between conductors and tower.

Location of ground wire/wires with respect to the

outermost conductor.

Mid-span clearance required from considerations of

the dynamic behavior of conductors and lightning
protection of the line.

Minimum clearance of the lowest conductor above

ground level.
16

Tower Design
Tower

height
Base width
Top damper width
Cross arms length

17

Height of Tower Structure

Height of tower is determine by-

H h1 h 2 h3 h 4
h1=Minimum permissible ground
clearance
h2=Maximum sag
h3=Vertical spacing between
conductors
h4=Vertical clearance between
earthwire and top conductor
18

Determination of Base Width

The base width(at the concrete level) is the
distance between the centre of gravity at one
corner leg and the centre of gravity of the
adjacent corner leg.
A particular base width which gives the minimum total
Ryle

cost of the tower and foundations.

Formula

The ratio of base width to total tower height for most

towers is generally about one-fifth to one-tenth.

19

SpacingandClearances
Ground Clearances
CL 5.182 0.305 * K
Where-

V 33

33

Minimum permissible ground clearance as per IE

Rules, 1956,Rule 77(4)
S.No.

Voltagelevel

Ground
clearance(m)

1.

33KV

5.20

2.

66KV

5.49

3.

132KV

6.10

4.

220KV

7.01

5.

400KV

8.84

20

ClearanceforPowerLineCrossings
Crossing over rivers:

3.05mabovemaximumfloodlevel.

Crossing over telecommunication lines

Minimumclearancesbetweentheconductorsofapower
lineandtelecommunicationwiresare:Voltage Level

Minimum
Clearance(mm)

33KV

2440

66KV

2440

132KV

2740

220KV

3050

400KV

4880
21

 Power line Crossing over railway tracks

undermaximumsagconditionminimumclearanceoverraillevel
stipulatedintheregulationsforElectricalCrossingsofRailwayTracks,
1963

Table. For un-electrified tracks or tracks electrified on 1,500 volts D.C.

system
System Voltage
Level

Broad Gauge

Meter & Narrow

Gauge

Insidestation Outside
limits(m)
station
limits(m)

Inside
station
limits(m)

Outside
station
limits(m)

66KV

10.3

7.9

9.1

6.7

132KV

10.9

8.5

9.8

7.3

220KV

11.2

8.8

10.0

7.6

400KV

13.6

11.2

12.4

10.0
22

Spacing Between
Conductor(Phases)
D
Spacing (cm) 0.3048 * V 4.010
S
1) Mecomb's formula
W
WhereV=VoltageofsysteminKV
D=DiameterofConductorincm
S=Sagincm
W=weightofconductorinKg/m

2) VDE formula
Spacing (cm) 7.5 S

2000

WhereV=VoltageofsysteminKV
S=Sagincm
23

3)Still's formula

Spacing (cm) 5.08 1.814 *V

l
27.8

Wherel =Averagespanlength(m)

4) NESC formula
Spacing (cm) 0.762 *V 3.681 S

L
2

WhereV=VoltageofsysteminKV
S=Sagincm
L=Lengthofinsulatorstringincm
24

5) Swedish formula

Spacing (cm) 6.5 S 0.7 * E

WhereE=LineVoltageinKV
S=Sagincm

6) French formula

E
Spacing (cm) 8.0 S L
1.5
WhereE=LineVoltageinKV
S=Sagincm
L=lengthofinsulatingstring(cm)
25

Offset

of conductors (under ice-loading conditions)

SleetJump:

Thejumpoftheconductor,resultingfromicedroppingoff
onespanofanice-coveredline,hasbeenthecauseofmany
seriousoutagesonlong-spanlineswhereconductorsare
arrangedinthesameverticalplane.
Offsetincm=60+Spanincm/400

26

Clearances b/n Conductors

SYSTEM
VOLTAG
E

TYPE OF
TOWER
SINGLE
CIRCUIT

66 kV

DOUBLE
CIRCUIT

SINGLE
CIRCUIT

132 KV
DOUBLE
CIRCUIT

Vertical spacing
b/n
conductors(mm)

Horizontal spacing
b/n
conductors(mm)

A(0-2)

1080

4040

B(2-30)

1080

4270

C(30-60)

1220

4880

A(0-2)

2170

4270

B(2-30)

2060

4880

C(30-60)

2440

6000

A(0-2)

4200

7140

B(2-30)

4200

6290

C(30-60)

4200

7150

D(30-60)

4200

8820

A(0-2)

3965

7020

B(2-15)

3965

7320

C(15-30)

3965

7320

D(30-60)

4270

8540

27

SINGLE
CIRCUIT

A(0-2)

5200

8500

B(2-15)

5250

10500

C(15-30)

6700

12600

D(30-60)

7800

14000

A(0-2)

5200

9900

B(2-15)

5200

10100

C(15-30)

5200

10500

D(30-60)

6750

12600

A(0-2)

7800

12760

B(2-15)

7800

12760

C(15-30)

7800

14000

D(30-60)

8100

16200

220 kV

DOUBLE
CIRCUIT

SINGLE
CIRCUIT
400 KV

28

Sag and Tension Calculation

Span 300 m

Sag & Tension

Span >300 m

Parabolic

formula:

Catenary

formula:

29

Corona
Visual corona voltage in fair weather
condition is given by-

r (1 0.3)

V 0 21.1 m
log n
r

V0= corona starting voltage, KV(rms).

r= radius of conductor in cm.
D= GMD equivalent spacing b/n conductors in
cm.
m= roughness factor.
= 1.0 for clean smooth conductor
=0.85 for stranded conductor
30

Voltagegradientatthesurfaceofconductoratoperating
voltage:V

Log n

3
D

(rmskv/cm)

Corona discharge form at the surface of conductor if g 0

corona starting gradient i.e.

(1 0.3)
g 0 21.1 m r r
Conductor size will be so chosen that normal gradient of
conductor should not exceed 17.5 KV/cm.
For EHV transmission line 400KV and above use bundle
conductor from point view of corona.
31

Erection
a) Setting of
stubs
:
Templat
e
Probe
setting
B/B & diagonal at Template top
B/B & diagonal at stub top Ram bus
shape
Stub cleats with B&N 2 each
Extra cleats to avoid failure of
foundation due

to tower falling.

Threads to bisect
LP&AP
Template height at centre point &
joining of 2 threads

b) After 14 days of curing

Built-up method:- This method consist of erection of
towers member by member. The 4 main leg members of first
section of the tower are first erected and guyed of. The cross
braces then assembled. For assembling second section a light
gin pole is placed on top of the corner legs for raising the
second section of the tower. Afterwards the gin pole is shifted
to top of second section leg to raise third section this process
is continued till complete tower is erected.

Section method :Major sections of the tower are assembled on

the ground and same are erected as units.
Either mobile crane or gin pole of 10m long is
used. assembly(Proto) :Ground
This method consist of assembling the tower on
ground and erecting it as a complete unit. The
complete tower is assembled in line wise position
to allow Xarms to fitted. After assembly is
completed tower is picked up from ground with the
help of crane and carried to is location and set on
its foundation.
This method is not is useful when the towers are
large and heavy and the locations are difficult.

HELICOPTER METHOD
In this method the tower is erected in
section. Bottom section is first lifted on
to the stub and then the upper section is
lifted and bolted to first section and the
process is repeated till the tower is
erected. Some times complete
assembled tower is raised with the help
of helicopter. This method is adopted
when approach is impossible

Helicopter Method.

TIGHTENING OF BOLT AND NUT

The

bolts & nuts are used to join the tower parts.

The

bolts are of 16mm diameter and 20mm diameter

The

length of bolts are various from 35mm to 80mm

multiple of 5mm.
17.5mm/21.5mm

dia hole is provided on tower part for

fixing bolt & nut.

Spring
Flat

washers - 16 x 3.5 mm- to tighten the bolt & nut

washers 4, 5, 6, 8, 10,20 and 25mm to fill up gaps

between the tower parts.

Check

for tight of B&N using torque wrench.

37

TIGHTENING OF BOLT AND NUT

The

threads of bolts projecting out side shall

be punched at 3 positions and do half round
welding to ensure that nuts are not loosened
in course of time and avoid theft of angles.

Zinc

epoxy painting is applied on welded

portion to avoid rusting.

38

TOWER ACCESSORIES
Danger

boards.

Number
Phase
Anti
Step

plate.

plate.

Climbing Device.
bolts 16x175 mm.

Antiperch
Hanger

/ Bird guards for suspension towers.

rods.
39

GENERAL STEPS TO BE
FOLLOWED FOR TOWER
ERECTION
NO TOWER SHALL BE ERECTED ON FOUNDATION BEFORE
10 DAYS AFTER CONCRETING.

CHECK THE CORRECTNESS OF DIAGONAL AND LEVEL OF

THE STUB OF THE FOUNDATION.

TOWERS ARE TO BE ERECTED AS PER ERECTION DRAWING

ASSEMBLY OF TOWER PARTS SHALL BE MADE AS PER MARK

NUMBER WISE ENGRAVED ON THE TOWER MEMBER
CORRESPONDING TO NUMBER IN THE ERECTION DRAWING.

SPECIAL CARE SHALL BE TAKEN IN SELECTION OF MARK

NUMBER FOR TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL FACE OF
THE SQUARE BASE TOWER.

40

GENERAL STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED

FOR TOWER ERECTION

ANY BUCKLING, DAMAGE TO STEEL MEMBER, DAMAGE TO

GALVANIZINGSHALLBEAVOIDED

NOMEMBERSHALLBESUBJECTEDTOUNDUESTRESS.

REASONCANBE: (i)DEFECTIVEFABRICATION.

(ii)DEFECTIVEFOUNDATION.
(iii)DEFECTIVEERECTIONMETHOD.

COLLECTMATERIALFROMSTORETALLYINGWITHBOM.

PREFERABLY TRANSPORT COMPLETE TOWER OR COMPLETE

SECTION.

THE TOWER MEMBER AT LOCATION SHALL BE KEPT ON GROUND

SERIALLYACCORDINGTOTHENEEDFORFOLLOWINGUPERECTION
SEQUENCE.

41

DERRICK TYING ROPE

DERRICK
20mm POLY
PROPYLENE
ROPE

CROW BARS

TOWER ERECTION

Tower Grounding
Usedtoreduceearthwirepotentialandstresson
insulatorsatthetimeofstrokeandalsoforsafety.

Towerfootingresistancewillbe10andshould
notbemorethan20underanycondition
throughouttheyear.

Earthresistancedependuponsoil
resistivity(general100-m).
43

Method of Tower Grounding

Buried Conductor
Oneormoreconductorareconnectedtotowerlagsandburiedinbackfilled
oftowerfoundation.
o

Usedwheresoilresistivityislow

Counterpoise Wire
Alengthofwire/Stripof50misburiedhorizontallyatdepthof0.5mbelow
ground.Thiswireisconnectedtotowerlags.
o

Usedwhenearthresistanceisveryhighandsoilconductivityismostly
confinedtoupperlayer)

Rod Pipe
Pipe/Rodof3to4misdrivenintogroundnearthetowerandtopofrodis
connectedtotowerbysuitablewire/strip
o

Usedwheregroundconductivityincreasewithdepth

Treated Earth Pits

Pipe/Rodof3to4mareburiedintreatedearthpitsandtopofrodis
connectedtotowerbysuitablewire/strip.
o

Usedinveryhighresistivityneartower
44

Tower Grounding

45

SAFETY OF TOWER ERECTION

46

 While Loading And Unloading The Tower

Parts, Care Should Be Taken For Stacking
Systematically.
Handle The Tower Parts Carefully. While
Handling Them Wear Suitable Gloves.
Establish Clear Signal/Communication
Between The Persons Working On The Top
And The People Supplying Tower Parts,
Watching Guys Pulling Etc Special Care Shall
Be Taken For R.C. Tower.
All Lifting Tools And Tackles Should Be Load
Tested As Per Standard.
47

 Ensure The Derrick Used Before Tower

Erection Has Been Checked For Adequate
Strength / Size.
Keep Watch On All Guys Used During
Erection Any Slippage/Failure If The Guy Can
Cause Accident.
After 5 Operations Check The Condition Of
The
Rope.
If Worn
Out Then
Reject.
Avoid
All Tower
Erection
In Rainy
Day.
Heavily Cloudy Days Avoid All Type Tower
Erection. Stop Tower Erection Of R.C.Tower.

48

EFFECT OF LINE

49

EFFECT ON HUMAN BEING

SHORT

TERM HEALTH PROBLEM

Headaches.
Fatigue.
Insomnia.
Prickling and/or burning skin.
Rashes.
Muscle pain.

50

EFFECT ON HUMAN BEING

LONG

TERM HEALTH PROBLEM

Risk of damaging DNA.

Risk
Risk
Risk
Risk

of
of
of
of

Cancer.
Leukemia.
Neurodegenerative Disease.
Miscarriage.

51

EFFECT ON ANIMALS
Many

researchers are studying the effect

of Electrostatic field on animals. In order to
do so they keeps the cages of animals
under high Electrostatic field of about 30
kV/m. The results of these Experiments are
shocking as animals (are kept below high
Electrostatic field their body acquires a
charge & when they try to drink water, a
spark usually jumps from their nose to the
grounded Pipe) like Hens are unable to
pick up grain because of chattering of their
beaks which also affects their growth.
52

EFFECT ON PLANTS
High

power transmission lines affects the growth

of plants.
Physiological parameter was primarily due to the
effect of reduced cell division and cell
enlargement.
From various practically study it was found that
the response of the crop to EMF from 110 KV and
230 KV Power lines showed variations among
themselves. Based on the results the growth
characteristics like shoot length, root length, leaf
area, leaf fresh weight, specific leaf weight,
shoot/root ratio, total biomass content and total
water content of the four crop plants were
reduced significantly over the control plants.
53

EFFECTSON VEHICLES PARKED

NEAR LINE
When a vehicle is parked under high
voltage transmission line an
electrostatic field is developed in it.
When a person who is grounded
touches it a discharge current flows
through the human being. In order to
avoid this parking lots are located
below the transmission lines the
recommended clearance is 17 m for
345 kV and 20 m for 400 kV lines.
54

Reference Standards

IS-398

SpecificationofAluminiumConductorforOverHead
TransmissionLine(ACSR)

IS-802

CodeofPracticeforuseofStructuralSteelinoverhead
TransmissionLineTower

IS 3853

IS 4091

IS 5613

SpecificationofAluminiumSteelCoreWireforAluminium
Conductor
CodePracticeforDesignandConstructionofFoundationof
TransmissionLineTowerandPole
SpecificationofDesign,InstallationandMaintenanceofLine
above11KVandupto220KV

CBIP
IE Rules, 1956

ManualonTransmissionLineTower,TechnicalReportN0.9,
March1977

55

THANK YOU

56