Introduction

Adhesive may be regarded as

substance or material capable of
uniting or bond two other materials
together by adhering strongly to the
surface of both.
The bond formed should be strong
internally, otherwise there would be
no effective bonding.

Why we use Adhesives

Adhesive bonds are :distribute the stress at the bonding point
resist moisture and corrosion.
eliminate the need for rivets and bolts.
can be used for bonding the surfaces of
glass, metal, plastics and wood .

Factors that affect the

strength of the Adhesives
The various important factors that are
known to influence the adhesion of an
adhesives are :
-Surface tension
-Porosity of surface and relative
smoothness.
-Physical properties of the adhesive
film.
-Thickness of adhesives film.
-Viscosity of adhesives solution.
-The methods of application.

Preparation of Adhesives
Animal glue- Animal glue is the
oldest type of adhesives. Animal glue
is derived from boiling animal hides,
tendons or bones which are high in
collagen. These glues are of great
importance because of their
adhesives and gelling properties.
Various adhesives can be prepared
from animal glues by incorporating
various additives, such as starch,

plasticizers, wetting agents, fillers and

preservatives, depending upon the
manner of application or requirement.
Animal glue obtained from hides is
known as hide glue and that obtained by
bones is known as bone glue.

Hide glue- It can be prepared by soaking

hide trimmings in lime to dissolve and
remove the albuminous materials and to
render the fat inactive by saponification.

Bone glue- Is obtained by washing the

blood and dirt etc. from the crushed
bones. The bones are degreased using
benzene as a grease solvent

Classification of adhesives
They are divided into two categories :
1.)Natural a) Animal
b) Casein
c) Bituminous
2.) Synthetic a) Thermosetting
b) Thermoplastic

Natural adhesives
AnimalIt is obtained by boiling waste pieces of
skins, bones etc of animals with hot
water and by hoofs and hides of animals.
Available in form of cakes, flakes,
granules, jelly, pearl.
It is used in the manufacturing of
plywood, laminated timbers.

Caseina) Manufactured from soured,

skimmed milk curbs, which are
dried and crushed into a
powder form.
b) General joinery and woodwork
use.
c) To use the powder it is mixed
with cold water into a smooth
creamy paste.

Bituminousa) Bitumen may

be defined as a
non
crystalline, solid
or viscous
material derived
from petroleum.
b) It is asphalt in
solid state and
mineral tar in semi
fluid state.

Bitumen being used

SYNTHETIC ADHESIVE
They are fire proof, strong and water
proof. They resist the attack by
fungi. They are based on synthetic
resins.

Types:
Thermosetting
Thermoplastic

THERMOSETTING
ADHESIVES
a) These are transformed into
tough, heat-resistant solids by
the addition of a catalyst or the
application of heat.
b) They become permanent
Eg.- epoxy cements,
urea formaldehyde,
melamine formaldehyde,
polyester,
silicon adhesives.

UREA FORMALDEHYDE
A.) More familiar to the
cabinet and woodworker under
the trade name 'Extra mite'.
b.) Used when a high quality and
stable fix is required.
c.) Sets at normal room
temperatures and is relatively
cheap and available.
d.) Suitable for laminating,
fabricating and veneering when
large presses or good cramping
facilities are available

PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE
a.) Used where great strength is
required, durable and water
resistant.
b.) An 'engineering adhesive' used for
heavy structural work and quality
c.) They are available either in liquid or
powder form.
d.) They require heat and pressure to
form a permanent strong bond.

MELAMINE FORMALDIHYDE
A.) It is very
expensive
adhesive.
B.) This is used in
the manufacture
of plywood and
plastic
laminates.

Adhesive being
applied on veneers

RUBBER ADHESIVE
A.) It is made by dissolving rubber in
benzene.
B.) It has an excellent property of
forming rigid bonds.
C.) This enable the adhesive to flex and
stretch under stress and recover
to its original position as soon as
the load is removed.
D.) have high bond strength and
durability.
E.) This is used to join rubber, plastic,
glass etc.

THERMOPLASTIC
ADHESIVES
a.) they can be softened by heating.
b.) It can be used for bonding wood,
glass, rubber, metal and paper
products.
c.) EX-neoprene, poly vinyl acetate and
acrylic adhesives.

POLYVINYL ACETATE (PVA)

A.) This is also called
white glue.
B.) It can be used on
all woods like
soft wood, hard
wood, plywood,
laminates.
C.) A good generalpurpose woodwork
adhesive for
indoor use only.

Process of bonding
General factors in bonding:
- Decontamination of surfaces
- Preparation of adhesives:
A) dissolving in some sovent
B) melting solid adhesives
C) thinning of adhesives
D) addition of additives such
as catalyst, hardners, fillers,
extenders, plasticisers,
fortifier etc.

- Application of adhesives:
A) roller coating
B) Spraying of liquid adhesives
C) Roller or knife coating
D) Brushing of adhesives
E) Pressure sensitive tapes
F) Simple laying
Thermosetting adhesives are appiled in
molten state and immediately fixed.
Thermoplastic adhesives are appilied in
solution form and left to air. After some
time the surfaces are fixed.

- Pressure is applied, after applying

adhesive, on the adherends.
- Joints are conditioned
The adherends joined with
thermoplastic adhesive are hot pressed.
The pressure is released immediately.
The adherends joined with
thermosetting adhesives are conditioned
by keeping it for some more time after the
release of pressure so that full strength
may develop.

Advantages
- It is possible to have a wide
variety of combinations in joining.
- A massive effect is created.
- Corrosion may be prevented
between different metals joined
by adhesive.
- The surface of plastics, wood
metals are joined by adhesive.
- Application process is economical,
easy and speedy.
- It is used for bonding the
surface.

DISADVANTAGES
- Unsuitable at high temperatures.
- An adhesive requires sometime to
attain the desired strength.
- Specific adhesive is required to be
used for specific substance

Uses of adhesives
Proteins glues are used as adhesives for
fabric paper and wood.
Rubber adhesives are used in attaching
engine mountings, cementing foot wear,
uniting metal and plastic fabrications
etc.
Sodium silicate adhesives are used in
bonding brick work and in acid resisting
chemical equipments.
Urea formaldehyde adhesives are used
in manufacture of plywood, as core
binders for casting etc.

SYNTHETIC RESIN ADHESIVE

Use :For bonding wood, ply
woods, laminates , veneers,
particles boards, block boards,
hard boards to each other with
superior water resistance
and faster drying time
Features and benefits :-specialized water resistant
adhesive that protect
furniture from water
48 hour continuous cold
water & 1hour boiling water
resistance
-Its special chemical properties
gives superior bonding with
adhesive, ply to laminate

SYNTHETIC RUBBER ADHESIVE

Use :for PVC flooring.
Also for bonding foam /
rubber foam / rexine / canvas
to each other and also to
wood / plywood / metal.
Product also finds usage in
car & bus Interiors
Features and benefits :- Multi purpose adhesive
- Ideal viscosity gives
- Superior coverage
- Excellent bonding
- strength
- Doesnt contain benzene

Tile fixing adhesive

Areas of Usage :Used for vertical cladding
In kitchens, swimming pools, floors,
bathrooms and terraces

Various products

Market
survey

Fevicol Foam fix A perfect adhesive for foam and

(Rubber based
upholstery. Used for bonding
adhesive)
foam/rubber foam/rexine/ coir/canvas
to one another and to wood/ plywood
for sofas, chairs & mattresses
Fevicol SR 998
(Rubber based
adhesive)

Used for bonding laminates to

wood/plywood/ MDF/particle boards
and also used for car and bus rooftops.

Bulbond LC
(Synthetic resin
adhesive)

Used for bonding soles made of PVC,

polyurethane, TPR, EVA to leather,
synthetic fabric.

Fevitite
Used for bonding anything to anything
(Super strength like metals, ceramic, marble, granite,
epoxy adhesive) most plastics/PVC, ivory, asbestos,
glass, wood, leather, rubber, etc