AQUACULTURE

ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 2
WATER TRANSPORT

*PIPE AND PIPE PARTS

* PIPE MATERIALS
-plastic
-copper
-iron pipes
-concrete pipes
-the most commonly used materials for pipes is
plastics, mainly thermoplastics.

*PIPE AND PIPE PARTS

weldable
Thermoplastic
Types of
Plastics

-melt on heat

Hardening
Plastic

-degrade on heat

Ex. PE

glueable
Ex. PVC
Ex. fiberglass

*PE Pipes
* low weight
* simple to handle
* high impact resistance
* good abrasion resistance
* may be vulnerable to

water

hammer or vacuum effects

* may be used for both inlet and
outlet pipes

*PVC Pipes
* low density
* easy to handle
* Pipe and parts

are simple to join

a special solvent

together with
cementing glue
* Becomes brittle and will break easily
at temperature below 0C (best when
temp is above 40C)
* vulnerable to water hammer
* used in pipes and pipe parts inside the
fish farm and also in outlet systems

*FIBERGLASS Pipes
* Tolerates low temperatures
* very durable
* Can be constructed so thick that it can

tolerate water hammer and vacuum

effects
* low diversity of pipes and pipe parts
available
* used in special cases, for example in
very large pipes (usually over 1m in
diameter).
* built in two or three layers: a layer of
polyester that functions like a glue; a
layer with a fibreglass mat that acts as
reinforcement; and quartz or sand

*Pressure class
The pressure (PN) class indicates
the maximum pressure that the
pipes and pipe parts can tolerate.
1 bar = 10m water column
(mH2O) = 98100Pa

Pressure
Class (PN)

Max
Pressure

PN4

40m water
column

PN6

60m water
column

PN10

100m water
column

Example:
If the water source is located 100m in height above the farm,
a PN4 pipe can be used for the first 40m drop, then a PN6
pipe for the following 20m drop, and on the final 40m drop a
PN10 pipe can be used.

*Pressure class
Water Hammer:
-can occur when a valve in a long pipe filled with
much water is closed rapidly.
-may also occur with rapid starting and stopping of pumps.
-Remedy: avoid rapid closing of valves.
Vacuum:
-may be generated in a section of pipe, for example when it
is laid at different heights (over a crest) and then functions
as a siphon.
-Remedy: use thicker walls and higher tolerance to
vacuum. (ex: fiberglass)

*VALVES
-used to regulate the water flow rate and
Angle Seat
the flow direction.

Ball

Accurate
but
expensive

Diaphragm

Butterfly
Very
accurate

No-Return

Low cost
but not
precise
For outlet
pipes

For large
pipes

*PIPE PARTS-FITTINGS
-used to connect different pipes or equipment with
different diameters, allows connection of addition pipes
and used to close pipes that are out of use.

Socket

End Cap

Elbow

45T

Eccentric Reduction

Branch Saddle

*PIPE CONNECTION-JOINTING
Permanent

Heating
(or Fusing)

Gluing

Nonpermanent

Flanges

*MOORING OF PIPES
When to use mooring?
When there is increased
water velocity due to
reduction in pipe size, use
of T-pipes and elbows in
order to prevent movement
and pipe breakage.
For underwater, specially
designed concrete block
weights are used as
mooring.

*WATER FLOW AND HEAD LOSS IN

CHANNELS AND PIPE SYSTEMS

WATER

FLOW

Velocity for Open Channel

Example:
PIPE DIMENSION
*
1. The water flow to a farm
is . The acceptable velocity
in the pipeline is set at .
Find the necessary pipe
dimensions if one pipe is to
be used.

Example:

Determine Slope
2. The horizontal distance
between two points A and B
is . Point A is above sea
level and point B is above
sea level. Calculate the
slope of the channel.

*HEAD LOSS
Major

Losses
-energy losses due to
friction in the pipe line

Minor

Losses
-energy losses in the
valves, bends, reductions, and
connections.

To get

Where:

(laminar)
(unstable)
(turbulent)