CORRIENTE ALTERNA

CURSO DE ELECTRICIDAD
BASICA 2002

FRECUENCIA:(f) Si se pudiera contar cuantos ciclos de esta seal de voltaje suceden

en un segundo tendramos: la frecuencia de esta seal, con unidad de ciclos /
segundo, que es lo mismo que Hertz o Hertzios.
PERIODO:(T) El tiempo necesario para que un ciclo de la seal anterior se produzca, se
llama perodo (T) y tiene la frmula: T = 1 / f, o sea el perodo (T) es el inverso de la
frecuencia. (f)
VOLTAJE PICO-PICO:(Vpp) Analizando el grfico se ve que hay un voltaje mximo y un
voltaje mnimo. La diferencia entre estos dos voltajes es el llamado voltaje pico-pico
(Vpp) y es igual al doble del Voltaje Pico (Vp) (ver grfico)
VOLTAJE RMS.(Vrms): Se puede obtener el voltaje equivalente en corriente continua
(Vrms) de este voltaje alterno con ayuda de la frmula Vrms = 0.707 x Vp.
Este valor de voltaje es el que obtenemos cuando utilizamos un voltmetro.

Ahora, algo para pensar........:

Si preparamos nuestro voltmetro para que pueda medir voltajes en
corriente alterna (a.c.) y medimos la salida de un tomacorriente de una
de nuestras casas, lo que vamos a obtener es: 110 Voltios o 220 Voltios
aproximadamente, dependiendo del pas donde se mida.
El voltaje que leemos en el voltmetro es un VOLTAJE RMS de 110 o 220
Voltios.!!!
Cul sera el voltaje pico (Vp) de esta seal???
Revisando la frmula del prrafo anterior despejamos Vp. Vp = Vrms /
0.707
Caso Vrms = 110 V, Vp = 110 / 0.707 = 155.6 Voltios
Caso Vrms = 220 V, Vp = 220 / 0.707 = 311.17 Voltios

DEFINICION DE VECTOR

Vectores

P = Px + Py
P

x = P cos

Py = P sen

tg = PY / PX

Basic Trigonometric Functions

The basic trigonometric functions can be defined in terms of a right triangle. For the angle at one apex of the
right triangle the functions can be defined by:

CALCULO DEL ANGULO CONOCIDOS LOS LADOS

Resistor AC Response
For ordinary currents and frequencies the behavior of a resistor is that
of a dissipative element which converts electrical energy into heat. It is
independent of the direction of current flow and independent of the
frequency. So we say that the AC impedance of a resistor is the same as
its DC resistance. That assumes, however, that you are using the rms or
effective values for the current and voltage in the AC case

RMS and Effective Values

Circuit currents and voltages in AC circuits are generally stated as
root-mean-square or rms values rather than by quoting the
maximum values. The root-mean-square for a current is defined by

That is, you take the square of the current and average it, then take the square root. When this process is carried
out for a sinusoidal current

This is just the effective value needed in the expression for average power to put the AC power in the same form as the
expression for DC power in a resistor. In a resistor where the power factor is equal

to 1:

Capacitor AC Response
Impedance

Calculat
e

Examine
Inductor
Resistor

Contribution to
Phasor diagram
complex impedance

Capacitive Reactance
The frequency dependent impedance

of a capacitor

This calculation works by clicking on the desired

quantity in the expression below. Enter the necessary
data and then click on the quantity you wish to
calculate. Default values will be entered for
unspecified quantities, but all quantities may be
changed.

Impedance = 1/(angular frequency)x(capacitance

EJERCICIO:CALCULAR LA REACTANCIA CAPACITIVA

DADOS:

SOLUCION:

COMPORTAMIENTO DE UN CAPACITOR EN C.A.

RC Circuit

You know that the voltage in a capacitive lags the current because the current must flow to build up the charge, and the
voltage across the capacitor is proportional to that charge which is built up on the capacitor plates.

CALCULO DE IMPEDANCIA CON R Y C

DADOS R= 8 OHMS

Y XC=5 OHMS

TENEMOS: ZC=( 82 + 52 )1/2

ZC=( 64 + 25 )1/2=(89)1/2
ZC=9.43 OHMS

Inductor AC Response
Impedance

Examine
Capacitor
Resistor

Calculate

Contribution to
complex impedance

Phasor diagram

You know that the voltage across an inductor leads the current because the Lenz' law behavior resists the buildup of the
current, and it takes a finite time for an imposed voltage to force the buildup of current to its maximum.

FORMAS DE ONDA DE COORIENTE Y TENSION EN

UN INDUCTOR EN CORRIENTE ALTERNA

Inductive Reactance

The frequency dependent impedance

of an inductor

Impedance = Angular frequency x Inductance

CALCULO DE LA REACTANCIA INDUCTIVA

DADOS:

CALCULAMOS:

RL Circuit
Impedance

Calculate

Examine
Inductor
Resistor

Contribution to
Phasor diagram
complex impedance

You know that the voltage in an inductive circuit leads the current because the Lenz'
law behavior resists the buildup of the current, and it takes a finite time for an
imposed voltage to force the buildup of current to its maximum.

RL Impedance

The frequency dependent

impedance of an RL series
circuit.

CALCULO DE IMPEDANCIA CON R Y L

DADOS:

TENEMOS:

IMPEDANCIA

AC Ohm's Law
The AC analog to Ohm's law

is

where Z is the impedance of the circuit and

V and I are the rms or effective values of
the voltage and current. Associated with
the impedance Z is a phase angle, so that
even though Z is the also the ratio of the
voltage and current peaks, these peaks do
not occur at the same time. The phase
angle is necessary to characterize the
circuit and allow the calculation of the
average power used by the circuit.

Phase
When capacitors or inductors are involved in an AC circuit, the current and voltage do not peak at the
same time. The fraction of a period difference between the peaks expressed in degrees is said to be the
phase difference. The phase difference is <= 90 degrees. It is customary to use the angle by which the
voltage leads the current. This leads to a positive phase for inductive circuits since current lags the
voltage in an inductive circuit. The phase is negative for a capacitive circuit since the current leads the
voltage. The useful mnemonic ELI the ICE man helps to remember the sign of the phase. The phase
relation is often depicted graphically in a phasor diagram.

Phasor Diagrams
It is sometimes helpful to treat the phase as if it defined a vector in a plane. The usual reference for
zero phase is taken to be the positive x-axis and is associated with the resistor since voltage and
current are in phase. The length of the phasor is proportional to the magnitude of the quantity
represented, and its angle represents its phase relative to that of the current through the resistor.
The phasor diagram for the RLC series circuit shows the main features.

ELI the ICE man

Series-Parallel Combination
Most networks in AC circuits can be broken into blocks no more
complicated than the one below. The complex impedance
approach provides the tool necessary to reduce such a
combination to an equivalent impedance. This kind of
combination may be encountered in the development of an AC
Thevenin equivalent for the analysis of an AC circuit.

RLC Series Circuit

The RLC series circuit is a very important example of a resonant
circuit. It has a minimum of impedance Z=R at the resonant
frequency, and the phase angle is equal to zero at resonance.

RLC Series Impedance

The frequency dependent impedance of an RLC series circuit

CIRCUITO EN C.A. CON R L Y C EN SERIE

EJEMPLO:

For a practical example, suppose you have a circuit containing an inductor of 100 H
in series with a capacitor of .001 F, and operating at a frequency of 4
MHz. What is the value of net reactance, or X?

Now assume you have a circuit containing a 100 - H

inductor in series with a .0002-F capacitor, and
operating at a frequency of 1 MHz. What is the value of
the resultant reactance in this case?

EJERCICIO:
APLICANDO LA
LEY DE OHM EN
C.A.

DADOS:

CALCULAMOS

POTENCIA EN CORRIENTE
ALTERNA
Como en el caso de C:C la potencia instantanea en C.A. Es dada por
P = VI, pero estan cantidades varian continuamente, por eso se usa en
C:A la Potencia media:
Pm= I * V* cos fi
Donde fi es la angulo de fase entre Corriente y Voltage don I y V son los
valores eficaces. El valor de coseno de fi=cos fi se llama factor de
potencia.

Power
The power supplied to or dissipated by a resistor is

P = I2 R
just as for DC circuits.
No power is dissipated by a capacitor or an inductor. That is, no power is dissipated by a pure
inductor; if the inductor also has resistance, its resistance dissipates power. Only the resistor
dissipates energy or power.
From the phasor diagram here, we can see that the resistance R is related to the total impedance Z
by

R = Z cos

P = I2 Z cos

P = I V cos

This term cos is known as the power factor of the circuit. For a circuit with only a capacitor or only an inductor the current
and voltage are out of phase by 90 so the power factor is zero. This is another way of understanding that capacitors and
inductors do not dissipate power. Remember, I or V without a subscript means the rms value of the current or voltage, I = I rms
and V = Vrms.

Instantaneous Power
As in DC circuits, the instantaneous electric power in an AC circuit is
given by P=VI where V and I are the instantaneous voltage and current.

Transformer
A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic
properties of an iron core to efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of
course cannot increase power so that if the voltage is raised, the current
is proportionally lowered and vice

Transformer and Faraday's Law

Conexin tringulo
Si llamamos a los conductores trifsicos L1, L2 y L3, entonces se conectar el primer imn a L1 y L2, el segundo a L2 y L3
y el tercero a L3 y L1.
Este tipo de conexin se denomina conexin tringulo, ya que los conductores se disponen en forma de tringulo. Habr una
diferencia de tensin entre cada dos fases que en s misma constituye una corriente alterna. La diferencia de tensin entre
cada par de fases ser superior a la tensin que definamos en la pgina anterior; de hecho ser siempre 1,732 veces superior
a esa tensin (1,732 es la raz cuadrada de 3).
Conexin estrella
Sin embargo, existe otra forma en la que una red trifsica puede ser conectada:
Tambin puede conectar uno de los extremos de cada una de las tres bobinas de electroimn a su propia fase, y despus
conectar el otro extremo a una conexin comn para las tres fases. Esto puede parecer imposible, pero considere que la suma
de las tres fases es siempre cero y se dar cuenta de que esto es, de hecho, posible.